【正文】 具有普遍意義的激勵方式有（思想政治工作動；獎勵；工作內(nèi)容豐富化；職工參加管理）。調(diào)查結(jié)果證明， “ 抓組織 ” 和 “ 關(guān)心人 ” 這兩類領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為在同一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者身上有時一致，有時并不一致。之所以要組建團隊，是因為團隊是由少數(shù)為達到共同目的具有互補技能和整套工作指標(biāo)及方法并共同承擔(dān)責(zé)任的人組成的人群集合。⑥設(shè)計固定溝通渠道，形成溝通常規(guī)。 目標(biāo)很重要，但不值得和對方鬧翻或當(dāng)對方權(quán)力與自己相當(dāng)時 ，處理沖突的方式是（強制）。 引起沖突的策略有（委任態(tài)度開明的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者；重新編組；鼓勵競爭）。組織設(shè)計雖然是一項操作性較強的工 作，但它是在企業(yè)組織理論的指導(dǎo)下進行的 組織文化 是一個組織由其價值觀、信念、儀式、符號、處事方式等組成的其特有的文化形象。②問責(zé)制。⑵參與。④相互溝通而不怨恨猜忌。 its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rulesetters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules mittees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rulemaking responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar mittee holding jurisdiction over women39。s attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the game39。s original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine s but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the s were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Noheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more anized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。③關(guān)心、愛護的藝術(shù)。對付壓力的方法很多，一般可以采取以下幾條措施： （ 1）通過組織途徑來改變行為方式以減輕和抵消壓力； （ 2）通過員工個人的解決途徑來減輕和抵消壓力。③溝通要有誠意，取得對方的信任并建立起感情。 1我們平常所說的企業(yè)精神核心是一種（組織信念）。 人際關(guān)系確立的條件有（人；人際接觸；人際的需要）。放任自流的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式則對工作事先無布置，事后無檢查，權(quán)力完全給予個人，一切悉聽自便，毫無規(guī)章制度。信息溝通的原則是①明確的原則；②完整性的原則；③戰(zhàn)略上使用非正式組織的原則。它可以是成文的，也可以是不成文的。 1按人際關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)分，人際關(guān)系的類型有（經(jīng)濟關(guān)系；政治關(guān)系；法律關(guān)系；倫理關(guān)系）。 工作比較單純，不需要復(fù)雜的知識和技能，完成一項工作需要大家的配合，或從事連鎖性的工作，（同質(zhì)群體）可能達到最高的工作績效。小蘇信奉的是多干快干，早出成果，而老賈和他人則崇尚課題組內(nèi)的良好人際關(guān)系和快樂和諧的氣氛，對工作堅持穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打，不求速度。公平理論第一次把激勵和報酬的分配聯(lián)系在了一起，說明人是要追求公平的，從而揭示了現(xiàn)實生活中的許多現(xiàn)象。④個人價值觀念和態(tài)度的矛盾。 有效激勵應(yīng)遵循哪些原則？激勵的方法與手段有哪些？ 答：有效激勵應(yīng)遵循按需激勵原則、組織目標(biāo)與個人目標(biāo)相結(jié)合的原則、獎懲相結(jié)合的原則、物質(zhì)激勵與精神激勵相結(jié)合的原則、內(nèi)在激勵與外在激勵相結(jié)合的原則、嚴(yán)格管理與思想工作相結(jié)合的原則 激勵的手段和方法主要有：目標(biāo)激勵、工作激勵、持股激勵、榜樣激勵、組織文化激勵與危機激勵。它主要是指人在情緒、情感、意志、耐受挫折等方面的品質(zhì)。 通過不予理睬來減弱某種不良行為的強化方式是（自然消退）。雪蓮公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不僅考慮了成就激勵，還考慮在人們做出成就以后，能夠及時地給予物質(zhì)鼓勵。 工作滿意度 是指個人對他所從事的工作的一般態(tài)度，即對所從事的工作持有的評價與行為傾向 四、簡答題 組織行為學(xué)的研究方法應(yīng)該遵循哪些原則？ 研究程序的公開性。 組織行為學(xué)研究的層次有：（個體；群體；組織；環(huán)境）。 一個人經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的、比較穩(wěn)定的心理傾向性和非傾向性特征的總和是：（個性）。 X 理論認為：（人生來就是懶惰的；人們天生的目標(biāo)就是跟組織的目標(biāo)背道而馳的；人們具有非理性的感情，不能自我約束）。任何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都難于獨立承擔(dān)決策的重擔(dān)，越來越轉(zhuǎn)向決策的民主化 —— 吸收下級參與決策，集思廣益，群策群力，使決策的質(zhì)量和實施速度得到改善。 第二次作業(yè) 一、單選題 雙因素理論的提出者是（赫茲伯格）。 2當(dāng)出現(xiàn)認知不協(xié)調(diào)時，認知主體消除不協(xié)調(diào)的方法有（改變行為；改變態(tài)度；引進新的認知元素）。 的培養(yǎng)：①培養(yǎng)高尚的積極的人生觀和世界觀；②通過多種途徑，豐富學(xué)生的情感體驗；③培養(yǎng)幽默感，養(yǎng)成積極的人生態(tài)度。引起挫折的主觀因素主要包括：①個人目標(biāo)的適宜性。馬斯洛的需要層次論是組織行為學(xué)中激勵理論的基石，他所提出的需要層次性的觀點反映了社會的現(xiàn)實，所提出的人類需要自低級到高級逐步滿足的次序也大體上符合人的本性，能夠幫助管理者管理好組織。因此，管理者應(yīng)能以敏銳的目光察覺個人認識上可能存在的偏差，適時做好引導(dǎo)工作，確保個人工作積極性的發(fā)揮。比如，給這個課題組提出更高水平、更有難度的項目，要完成這個項目，必須彼此消除敵意，共同合作，通過各自的優(yōu)勢 互補和通力協(xié)作，既實現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)，又消除了矛盾。 如果職工 A認為和職工 B相比，自己報酬偏低，根據(jù)公平理論， A會采取以下哪種行為（減少自己的投入）。因此，他們認為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為是兩類行為的具體結(jié)合，分為四種情況，用兩度空間的四分圖來表示。團隊是為滿足創(chuàng)造性、靈活性和高水平績效的新型組織的需求而設(shè)計出來的。 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的三要素是什么？他們對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為分別有什么樣的作用？ 答：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的三要素是指領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（追隨者）和組織環(huán)境。 當(dāng)群體目標(biāo)和組織目標(biāo)一致時，凝聚力與生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系就會出現(xiàn)（ 低凝聚力高生產(chǎn)率 ）。 斯托迪爾指出可以按（生理特性；智力和個性；與任務(wù)相關(guān)的特性；社會特性）分成不同的類。 四、簡答題 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策和個體決策有什么不同？ 答