【正文】 ion. Collaborative software development therefore introduces changes to the traditional dimensions of risk classification shown in Table 3, including: (1) Form, view, and source: Additional perspectives on the risks must be added, and planning and resources to mitigate the associated problems must be supported. (2) Type: New risk types can be identified, related to collaboration. (3) Definiteness: A significant advantage to collaborationaware risk management is that some previously predictable risks bee known risks, so that they can be avoided, and some previously unpredictable or unknown risks bee predictable risks, so that a specific strategy can be developed. (4) Level, impact, and scope: Change in risk likelihood and effect can be observed certain kinds of risks and certain effects bee more likely and significant。s effect on collaborating agencies。well known Heterogeneous stakeholders with varying roles Organizational culture and business practices Homogeneous anizational culture Single set of business practices Diverse anizational cultures Multiple sets of business practices Organizational goal Single anizational goal Differing anizational goals Peer support Internal support and corporate loyalty Power struggle among participants, Possible lack of support by some individuals or teams Trust and awareness Higher degree of trust More sure of procedures and people Higher degree of uncertainty Lower level of trust Management Management cohesiveness Unified management Autonomous anizations, distributed management , Multiple management models Management structure Clear management hierarchy No clear central authority Communication structure Management munication follows established business practices Communication between peers across new channels Require high level of cooperation amp。 munication Technical platform amp。 understanding cultural differences is the first step toward mitigating the disabling effe。 untrusted channels SD/technical resources Single set of resources One set of resources per partner plus shared resources Risk management plan Single risk management plan with clear management Multiple risk management plans No central authority for risk mitigation Work practices Known set of anizational and professional standards Some variation in anization and professional standards Social amp。 Nidumolu, 1996). From the literature (Pressman, 2020), risks are classified in several dimensions, such as the origin of the risk (nature and cause), the definiteness (from nearcertain to highly unlikely), the anticipated consequences (degree of risk), and the aspects affected. Ⅲ . COLLABORATIVE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT Today39。 they are more willing to learn from one another and to adjust to cultural and other differences or idiosyncrasies. Collaboration involves trust and partner predictability which are functions of both individual and collective business behaviors critical in establishing collaboration relationships, managing shared processes, handling critical exceptions, and in fostering innovation. (SCMCouncil, 2020) Risk identification and analysis must therefore identify risks to trust. Major problems arise in failure of effective collaboration in vision (failure to establish mon goals), management (failure to establish or use patible technical and business processes), project deposition and integration (failure to establish proper boundaries between ponents), munication (failure to establish channels, protocols, and expectations for munication, so that all parties are confident that important munication will occur, while protecting property rights and security), and/or culture and trust (failure to establish familiarity with collaborating anizations both technical staff and management and their cultures). 2. Culture Cultural differences, whether social or anizational, are a significant source of mistrust. Among other problems, these differences may foster tendencies toward opportunism and may lead in turn to misuse of power. The social nature of knowledge and learning implies that culture and language will affect how people craft and share knowledge with other members of the anization. Moreover, social, professional, and anizational cultures will each have noticeable and distinct but interacting effects. Culture also affects employees39。 requirements and technical environment management support, etc Source Which activities or constrains cause the problem? Product definition, business impact/environment, process definition, development environment, innovation, staff skills/training, legal/regulatory Definiteness Degree of risk Definiteness Known in advance? Known, predictable, unpredictable, unknowable Level How likely to arise? Estimated probability range Impact How serious if occurs? Negligible to significant to catastrophic Scope How much affected? Isolated ponent to subsystem to entire system Location of effects Diver What business aspects are most affected? Market, performance, support environment, cost, schedule, deployment, relationships Type How does it manifest? Functional specification/expectation Performance or other extrafunctional requirements Schedule, budget, process pliance Collaborative impact Contagion Where are the effects? Intraanizational, interface, global Trust How is ongoing cooperation/trust affected? Unaffected, recoverable, damaged, unrecoverable In addition, risk analysis must address the ongoing relationship between partners, rather than just the success of a single product or project. This overarching concern for collaboration and ongoing relationships introduces two new risk dimensions (and a new dimension group), as shown at the bottom of Table 3: ? Contagion (and r