【正文】 et up protecting in the perimeter at the terms of having angle steel. Load the crack characteristic in accordance with loading differently and presenting different characteristics differently. The crack appears person who draw more, the cutting area or the serious position of vibration. Must point out, is it get up cover or have along keep into short crack of direction to appear person who press, often the structure reaches the sign of bearing the weight of strength limit, it is an omen that the structure is destroyed, its reason is often that sectional size is partial and small. Receive the strength way differently according to the structure, the crack characteristic produced is as follows: (1) Central tension. The crack runs through the ponent cross section, the interval is equal on the whole, and is perpendicular to receiving the strength direction. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar, lie in the secondclass crack near the reinforcing bar between the cracks. (2)The centre is pressed. It is parallel on the short and dense parallel crack which receive the strength direction to appear along the ponent. (3) Receive curved. Most near the large section from border is it appear and draw into direction vertical crack to begin person who draw curved square, and develop toward neutralization axle gradually. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar, can see shorter secondclass crack among the cracks. When the structure matches muscles less, there are few but wide cracks, fragility destruction may take place in the structure. (4) Pressed big and partial. Heavy to press and mix person who draw muscle a less one light to pigeonhole into the ponent while being partial while being partial, similar to receiving the curved ponent. (5) Pressed small and partial. Small to press and mix person who draw muscle a more one heavy to pigeonhole into the ponent while being partial while being partial, similar to the centre and pressed the ponent. (6) Cut. Press obliquly when the hoop muscle is too dense and destroy, the oblique crack which is greater than 45 degrees 本 科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 英文文獻 9 direction appears along the belly of roof beam end。 Construct not according to the design drawing, alter the construction order of the structure without authorization, change the structure and receive the strength mode。 only to be challenged by ferro cement (reinforced concrete) at the turn of the century. During the nieenth century analytical technique developed apace. In particular, Castigliano (1879) developed strain energy theorems which could be applied to arches provided they remained elastic. This condition could be satisfied provided the line of thrust lay within the middle third, thus ensuring that no tensile stresses were induced. The requirement to avoid tensile stresses only applied to masonry and cast iron。 Construct and deal with improperly。s consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould, reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly, can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. (5) The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction, the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven, apt to appear in the crack. (6) Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation, prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the ponent, prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade, the concrete ponent is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates, are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire, etc. , glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, pression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete。 Load and calculate or leak and calculate few。 The structure is supposed and accorded with by strength actually by strength 。s best, limit cement unit39。 The design drawing can not be explained clearly etc. (2) Construction stage, does not pile up and construct the machines, material limiting 。 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 中 英文翻譯 專業(yè)名稱 ： 土木工程 年級班級： XXX 學(xué)生姓名： XXX 指導(dǎo)教師： XXX 土木 工程學(xué)院 二○ 一 二 年六月 一 日本 科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 英文文獻 1 Design of arch bridges and the bridge crack produced the reason to simply analyse This chapter considers the full range of arch bridge types and a range of materials presenting several case studies and describing the design decisions that were made. A general treatment of the analysis of arches is presented, including the derivation of the basic equations that can be used to undertake hand calculations which may beused to validate puter analysis output. Detailed arch bridge design is outside thescope of this chapter so only general issues are discussed. Most of the chapter is devoted to masonry arch bridges. Masonry arch bridge construction is discussed in its historical context and the importance for engineers to take a holistic approach to bridge assessment and design is emphasized. There is a significant section on bridge assessment which includes guidance in the applic