【正文】 tion of size design and cut with scissors at the same time to adopt often to design to cut with scissors, theory calculate place this can store curved square in , but reality should is it can resist curved still to cut with scissors, so that present the crack and cause the reinforcing bar corrosion. 2, Bridge structure is it dig trough , turn on hole , set up ox leg ,etc. to need often, difficult to use a accurate one diagrammatic to is it is it calculate to imitate to go on in calculating in routine, set up and receive the strength reinforcing bar in general foundation experience. Studies have shown , after being dug the hole by the strength ponent , it will produce the diffraction phenomenon that strength flows, intensive near the hole in a utensil, produced the enormous stress to concentrate. In long to step prestressing force of the continuous roof beam , often block the steel bunch according to the needs of section internal force in stepping, set up the anchor head, but can often see the crack in the anchor firm section adjacent place. So if deal with improper, in corner or ponent form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack strength reinforcing bar of structure the. In the actual project, stress crack once produced the most mon reason which loads the crack. Stress crack once belong to one more piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate according to the routine too, but with modern to calculate constant perfection of means, times of stress crack to can acplish reasonable checking putations too. For example to such stresses 2 times of producing as prestressing force , creeping ,etc., department39。 這種混凝土橋梁裂縫 ，就其產(chǎn)生的原因，大致可劃分如下幾種： 一、荷載引起的裂縫 混凝土橋梁在常規(guī)靜、動荷載及次應(yīng)力下產(chǎn)生的裂縫稱荷載裂縫，歸納起來主要有直接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。例如現(xiàn)在對預(yù)應(yīng)力、徐變等產(chǎn)生的二次應(yīng)力，不少平面桿系有限元程序均可正確計算，但在 40年前卻比較困難。 （五） 小偏心受壓?？紤]到混凝土的蠕變特性，年溫差內(nèi)力計算時混凝土彈性模量應(yīng)考慮折減。在混凝土收縮種類中，塑性收縮和縮水收縮（干縮）是發(fā)生混凝土體積變形的主要原因，另外還有自生收縮和炭化收縮 。炭化收縮只有在濕度 50%左右才能發(fā)生，且隨二氧化碳的濃度的增加而加快。養(yǎng)護時保持濕度越高、氣溫越低、養(yǎng)護時間越長，則混凝土收縮越小。 （三） 結(jié)構(gòu)荷載差異太大。對于拱橋等產(chǎn)生水平推力的結(jié)構(gòu)物，對地質(zhì)情況掌握不夠、設(shè)計不合理和施工時破壞了原有地質(zhì)條件是產(chǎn)生水平位移裂縫的主要原因。 （四）結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)類型差別大。 （六） 外界環(huán)境。 混凝土收縮裂縫的特點是大部分屬表面裂縫，裂縫寬度較細，且縱橫交錯，成龜裂狀，形狀沒有任何規(guī)律。發(fā)生在施工過程中、混凝土澆筑后 4~5小時左右，此時水泥水化反應(yīng)激烈，分子鏈逐漸形成，出現(xiàn)泌水和水分急劇蒸發(fā)，混凝土失水收縮，同時骨料因自重下沉，因此時混凝土尚未硬化，稱為塑性收縮。橋面板、主梁或橋墩側(cè)面受太陽曝曬后，溫度明顯高于其它部位，溫度梯度呈非線形分布。 （六） 受剪。荷載裂縫特征依荷載不同而異呈現(xiàn)不同的特點。裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因有： （一） 設(shè)計計算階段，結(jié)構(gòu)計算時不計算或部分漏算；計算模型不合理；結(jié)構(gòu)受力假設(shè)與實際受力不符；荷載少算或漏算；內(nèi)力與配筋計算錯誤；結(jié)構(gòu)安全系數(shù)不夠。 Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45?? direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. 7, Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45?? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45?? direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure. (2) crack caused in temperature change The concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step footpath among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes the range with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure mon reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, cause inside very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large, cause the surface to