【正文】 tion phases of a civil engineering project. In practice, it is quite plex and can be difficult. This article attempts to address the concept of quality cost, especially as an aid to identifying and reducing failures during construction of civil engineering projects. The aims of this article are to: (1) generate an awareness of the designandconstruction caused failures。 ? construction: labor, material, subcontractor, plant and equipment, unforeseen conditions and events, project uncertainty, client39。 (2) 發(fā)覺質(zhì)量成本在土建工程施工中應(yīng)用的潛力 。在建設(shè)過程中，許多公司把質(zhì)量保險（ QA）當(dāng)作其在該行業(yè)中生存的一種途徑。設(shè)計的相關(guān)內(nèi)容包括 : ? 設(shè)計要求 。 以上所列的事故除了風(fēng)險，可建造性及土質(zhì)研究不足外等因素，還有溝通不暢以及計劃方案的差勁，這些都應(yīng)當(dāng)需要注意并避免額外的計劃費(fèi)用以將施工費(fèi)用降到最低。只有對評估階段進(jìn)行徹底的探索才能滿足設(shè)計的需要。毫無疑問，對大多數(shù)企業(yè)來說，不管是設(shè)計單位還是施工單位，都有能力在時 間和費(fèi)用都可以容忍的范圍內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出合乎規(guī)范的產(chǎn)品。如果制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)可以受益于量化質(zhì)量成本，那么建筑業(yè)同樣可以從中受益， 不過，這僅僅是個猜測。 (4) remend that quality cost information be used in managing civil engineering works. FAILURE EVENTS IN CONSTRUCTION The Building Research Establishment (BRE) found that errors in buildings had 50 per cent of their origin in the design stage and 40 per cent in the construction stage. In a National Economic Development Office (NEDO) survey, aimed at improving methods of quality control for building works, some 501 quality related events were noted. The qualityrelated events were divided into three main areas: design, poor workmanship and other. Design and poor workmanship bined to form more than 90 per cent of the total events listed in Table I. Under poor workmanship lack of care and lack of knowledge were the main causes, whilst in design unclear/missing information and design will not work were identified as the major causes of problems, including the most serious cases. NEDO showed that causes of defects in housing were mainly in design (50 percent) and construction (30 per cent). The remaining 20 per cent were attributed to materials and other causes. WHY QUALITY PERFORMANCE SHOULD BE MEASURED IN CONSTRUCTION Although the above findings reveal failures in building projects, failures among civil engineering projects may be even more serious owing to the greater variety of risk factors. The findings above can be considered as either cause for concern or as inevitable events that are part and parcel of the construction process. It is wellknown that, while the frequency of some failure i