【正文】 區(qū)不適合發(fā)展農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化，但未來社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展可能會(huì)創(chuàng)造更多有利的條件。然而，這并不會(huì)促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化，大量的農(nóng)村人口也不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到城市。 （三） 農(nóng)村向中心城市 轉(zhuǎn)移 人口將逐漸增加 從無錫、江陰的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來判斷，似乎 大、中型城市 數(shù)量的增加是不可避免的。 三、 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的未來發(fā)展 城 鎮(zhèn) 化不是孤立的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象 ,它的發(fā)展與所在區(qū)域的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)變化關(guān)系緊密。 其次，缺少能夠恰當(dāng)?shù)貐f(xié)調(diào)城市發(fā)展和工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的有效制度。 城市 是 城市特點(diǎn)占據(jù) 主導(dǎo) 地位 區(qū)域 。 第二 ,農(nóng) 民 受雇于非農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè) ,通常 是 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè) ,但 有關(guān)人員 繼續(xù)生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。確切地說 ,本文試圖對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的農(nóng) 村城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的微觀社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征做一個(gè)定義。 it accelerated with the mencement of reforms and the open door policy in 1979. By 1996, rural industries were already producing over 95 percent of the gross value of the industrial and agricultural output, employing 60 percent of the labor force in the rural areas. Towns prospered and the ruralurban ine ratio reached a balance. On a closer examination of rural urbanization, four characteristics may be observed. Multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population The transfer of rural population into urban population is the major theme of urbanization. During the process of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin, there were a number of transferforms, as the peasants could not bee urban people simply by leaving the countryside[2] (see Table I). Table I. Three levels of rural urbanization Subject Rural people Level First level Second level Third level (urban people) Occupation Agriculture Nonagriculture (village industry) Nonagriculture (township industry) Nonagriculture Workplace Rural Rural Town Town and city Residence place Rural Rural Rural Town and city Linkage with agriculture Strong Weak Degree of transfer to urban people Low High Transfer cost (RMB/person) a 1,800 3,000 10,000 Activity space Within village Within village Within town Within town or city Population (in thousands)b 1,000 350 450 245 Notes:a figures of 1986 b figures of 1986 Source: Information from fieldwork First, rural people were employed by nonagricultural enterprises, usually run by the village collective or the individual peasant household, near their homes. Rural people did not leave their village. Both places of residence and work were in the village, but most of their working time was devoted to nonagricultural activities. Through this firstlevel transfer, rural people changed their occupations and engaged in the nonagricultural activities. Because they did not leave their villages, the transfer was relatively convenient. From 19781986, those involved in this firstlevel transfer increased from 100,000 to 270,000. If their dependants[3] were included, the number reached 350,000, or percent of the total population. Second, rural people were employed by nonagricultural enterprises, usually a township enterprise, but the people involved continued to live in rural areas. Compared with the first group, this second group of people was more “urbanized”, because their workplace had been moved from rural area into a small town, usually township level town, where they could enjoy some urban life after work[4]. But as they still lived in the countryside, this kind of transfer was not yet plete. The tendency of the second group toward small towns was beneficial for their development. As the second group only required workingspace and no housing in the small towns, there was no demand on funds to extend the small towns. This gave more people the chance to participate in this transfer process. Since 1978, 64 small towns in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties have accepted some 29,000 rural laborers. If their dependants are included, the size of this second group has grown from 160,000, or percent of the population in 1978, to 450,000, or percent of the population in 1986. Third, the rural people not only changed their occupation and workplace, but they also moved from the countryside into the small towns. Through this transfer, rural people were pletely transformed into urban population. This transfer started from 1984 onwards, when the central government adopted a new policy which allowed rural people to live in small towns or migrate to the city as contractworkers in urban enterprises, if they were able to take care of their own food grain supply. From 1984 to 1986, about 20,000 people were involved in this third level transfer in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties. There has been relatively little movement from a lower level to an upper one. The transferred population seemed to have been satisfied with the initial transfer, not wishing to change their situation once more. Dispersed spatial pattern Rural industries may be established according to one of two patterns: concentration or dispersal. In Wuxi and Jiangyin, the spatial distribution of rural industries is toward dispersal. This has contributed to a spatially balanced development of rural urbanization. This dispersed and balanced urbanization has, in turn, made it possible for the whole region to bee an urban region. An urban region is an area in which urban features dominate. Since 1978, great socioeconomic changes have taken place in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties. Urban functions have been extended, urban landuse is emerging, and the regional landscape is undergoing a major transformation. Urbanization lagging behind industrial development Urbanization and industrialization are mutually dependent on each other. It is necessary to ensure that the two processes of industrialization and urbanization are plementary, keeping pace with each other, especially during the primary and middle stages of industrialization. If urbanization is too far ahead of industrialization, there will be an excessive expansion of the urban territory, a rapid growth of urban population, serious unemployment, stagnation of agriculture, and disharmony in the local social and economic st