【正文】
alization. It may be the best strategy in situations where special local conditions require particular products, such as fertilizers and pesticides, where economies of largescale production are not important, and where the firm39。但是,地心說(shuō)要求對(duì)子公司的管理人員實(shí)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度,鼓勵(lì)他們?yōu)槿蚰繕?biāo)努力,而不只是僅僅為了達(dá)到本國(guó)的目標(biāo)。在這種方法中,公司根據(jù)一國(guó)市場(chǎng)選擇經(jīng)營(yíng)任務(wù),建立營(yíng)銷組合,以后再擴(kuò)展到其他國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)。當(dāng)日本的公司大規(guī)模地打入歐美傳統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)的時(shí)候,歐美許多產(chǎn)業(yè)的公司對(duì)這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的挑戰(zhàn)大都毫無(wú)準(zhǔn)備。國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略形成 Richard. E. Caves., Management and Administration, Macmillan Press Ltd., 2020 工商企業(yè)日趨國(guó)際化,但他們中大多數(shù)不是出于戰(zhàn)略上的選擇,而是經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)緩慢的“循序漸進(jìn)”的過(guò)程。即使國(guó)內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)沒(méi)有迅速擴(kuò)展到其他市場(chǎng),外國(guó)公司也會(huì)采取氣勢(shì)逼人的戰(zhàn)略。這家公司還要決定為負(fù)責(zé)貫徹這一戰(zhàn)略評(píng)估如何進(jìn)行組織,是由總部來(lái)進(jìn)行,由多國(guó)委員會(huì)來(lái)進(jìn)行,還是由本國(guó)的公司來(lái)進(jìn)行? 單一主要市場(chǎng)方法,也叫做中心市場(chǎng)方法。這種方法通常被稱為“地心說(shuō)”,是總公司和子公司齊心協(xié)力制訂出全球的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但根據(jù)各地情況允許統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)略有差異,并據(jù)此做出重大決策。s activities and resources as well as its strategies for how it will enter new markets, what it will own, and how it will manage the global operation. The construction of a global strategy on a rational basis requires a careful assessment of the global alternatives and the risks involved for each. To build a global strategy, the decision maker must be free of any national blinders and consider world markets and world resource locations and now simply the markets or resources of a particular country in isolation. A global strategy aims at maximizing results on a multinational basis rather than treating international activities as a portfolio of separate country business. The basic reasons for having a global strategy are that most product and factor markets extend beyond the boundaries of a single country and the petition that ultimately determines performance is not constrained to individual locations and country markets. To remain petitive, or to bee petitive, the strategy horizon for most firms must, therefore, enpass threats and opportunities of both domestic and foreign origin. If its domestic petitors extend their horizons to include a broader scale base, the firm could find itself unable to maintain the same pace of research or product development given its smaller scales base. Even where domestic petition is not moving rapidly to other markets, foreign firms may be developing strategies that pose a threat. European and U. S. firms in a number of industries were largely unprepared for the petitive challenge when the Japanese firms broke into their traditional markets xn a significant scale. Automotive firms that had failed to build global coverage in the price segments the Japanese attacked were at an intermediate cost disadvantage. In the motorcycle industry the effects of leaving rapidly growing markets to Japanese petitors were even more dramatic. Many wellknown firms disappeared pletely. Many U. S. firms did not need in the past to think globally at the early stages of a product39。據(jù)了解,今年中國(guó)有 4000 人注冊(cè)參與 CES,包括廠商,媒體和觀眾,在展館中,有 327家參展商。過(guò)于看重現(xiàn)有的成績(jī),不重視創(chuàng)新,是導(dǎo)致很多品牌“下馬”的重要原因。一個(gè)品牌形象的塑造絕不僅僅是品牌自身的事情,涉及到企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的所有重大戰(zhàn)略決策,這些重大決策都要自覺(jué)地圍繞品牌來(lái)進(jìn)行,來(lái)展開(kāi)。 wellknown brand is equivalert to high price, to be unrealistically improve the product price. Some panies, brands, or to sell its own brand lowcost transfer, such as our persent more than 20 million “three capital” enterprises, there 90%of de joint wenture using the foreign brands。 強(qiáng)化 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷,提高品牌認(rèn)知度,將品牌戰(zhàn)略有機(jī)融合于企業(yè)整體戰(zhàn)略,并促進(jìn)整體戰(zhàn)略的發(fā)展。 品牌戰(zhàn)略一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程 品牌戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程,是企業(yè)整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分。 品牌戰(zhàn)略已日漸引起國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)重視,政府的扶持 自上世界 80 年代改革以來(lái),我國(guó)社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得了令人矚目的成就,從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代走向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的中國(guó)企業(yè),品牌經(jīng)營(yíng)從無(wú)到有。但是這些代價(jià)的回報(bào)卻是整個(gè)企業(yè)更加客觀的經(jīng)營(yíng),利用整個(gè)世界的資源,提高地方公司的管理水平,對(duì)全球目標(biāo)更多的責(zé)任感,以及最后,但并非最不重要的一點(diǎn) 是利潤(rùn)。然而,在世界范圍內(nèi)或在若干國(guó)家之中,為這一細(xì)分市場(chǎng)付出這樣的代價(jià)則完全是正當(dāng)?shù)?。在其他一些情況下,企業(yè)也許已經(jīng)獲得世界市場(chǎng)的份額和廉價(jià)的貨源,但是這是以財(cái)政優(yōu)勢(shì)或比其外國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者相對(duì)靈活為代價(jià)取得的。全球戰(zhàn)略旨在于在多國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)上取得最大的效益,而不是把國(guó)際經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)當(dāng)作不同國(guó)家的業(yè)務(wù)組合。許多公司在成為全球性企業(yè)的某一階段,都被生動(dòng)地描繪成由一種特別關(guān)系網(wǎng)把不同國(guó)家各種各樣的公司聯(lián)系在一起的投資組合。 在美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上,取得成就會(huì)領(lǐng)先,所以美國(guó)公司過(guò)去在產(chǎn)品壽命的最初階段不必從全球的角度來(lái)考慮。 美國(guó)的市場(chǎng)巨大,有利也有弊。民族中心主義是和全球戰(zhàn)略背道而馳的,因?yàn)檫@種方法缺少良好的反饋,并且熟悉經(jīng)營(yíng)地區(qū)當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r的管理人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和看法在制定決策中得不到適當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?。本文在分析我?guó)企業(yè)營(yíng)銷品牌發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的基礎(chǔ)上,從品牌戰(zhàn)略的內(nèi)涵與其功能意義入手,探討了品牌戰(zhàn)略在企業(yè)營(yíng)銷中的作用。 我國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)施品牌建設(shè)存在的問(wèn)題: 從微觀企業(yè)自身因素角度:存在技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)能力不足,品牌競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力不強(qiáng);品牌個(gè)性不足,缺乏創(chuàng)新個(gè)發(fā)展能力;生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模偏小,品牌發(fā)展缺乏整體規(guī)劃;出口和國(guó)際經(jīng)營(yíng)能力偏弱,品牌意識(shí)不強(qiáng);品牌 定位不明確,存在較大的盲目性等一系列因素。 四、名族企業(yè)在品牌國(guó)際化進(jìn)程中如何進(jìn)行品牌定位 以科技為后盾,樹立“質(zhì)量第一,以質(zhì)取勝”的理 念,品牌的時(shí)尚要素、個(gè)性化的突出。 in Consumer Goods market, “Pamp。 smallscale production and manahement,brand development lack of overall planning。產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)為品牌的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而品牌競(jìng)爭(zhēng)多一張的則是產(chǎn)品的內(nèi)在質(zhì)量。我國(guó)建立市場(chǎng)體制也有好多年了,雖有了很大改善但仍不健全,有些方面還未真正適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求,消費(fèi)者的心理還未完全成熟。 一、日系品牌全線崩潰 2020年 11月 22日上午, NEC宣布將推出 2G及 ,這意味著繼夏普、松下、東芝、三菱、三洋之后又一家手機(jī)廠商退出中國(guó)市場(chǎng),日系手機(jī)除京瓷外幾乎全部退出中國(guó) 2G手機(jī)市場(chǎng)的爭(zhēng)奪。這類公司更像是一個(gè)半獨(dú)立的 子公司的聯(lián)合體。 多元市場(chǎng)方法意味著高度的分散。反過(guò)來(lái)看,美國(guó)以外的公司則從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)一開(kāi)始,就需要進(jìn)行全球通盤規(guī)劃。但是由于國(guó)際范圍的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、國(guó)家控制措施和公司日漸意識(shí)到增效利益而產(chǎn)生壓力時(shí),越來(lái)越多的公司在制定全球戰(zhàn)略,采用全球規(guī)劃程序。合理地制定全球戰(zhàn)略,需要認(rèn)真評(píng)估全球各種可選擇的方案和每個(gè)方案涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。現(xiàn)在美國(guó)的工資率和人均國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值不再高出歐洲很 多,也許輪到美國(guó)公司應(yīng)該按照歐洲市場(chǎng)的需求來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品,因?yàn)樵跉W洲市場(chǎng)上銷售這些產(chǎn)品,很可能會(huì)超過(guò)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。 在細(xì)分市場(chǎng)方法中,企業(yè)要在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)中認(rèn)準(zhǔn)那些在境外能夠受到不同對(duì)待從而獲利的細(xì)分市場(chǎng)。這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能夠充分利用當(dāng)?shù)氐馁Y源和人力,而付出的代價(jià)是犧牲全球的增長(zhǎng)和效率。上世紀(jì)80 年代稍有知名度的品牌,不是被搶注商標(biāo),就是被收購(gòu)、擠垮,既是殘留下來(lái)的也是慘淡經(jīng)營(yíng),真正發(fā)展起來(lái)的極為有限。品牌絕對(duì)不可能在短期內(nèi)創(chuàng)造出來(lái),是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期積累的過(guò)程。企業(yè)要敢在新技術(shù)革命的挑戰(zhàn)中創(chuàng)造自己的品牌,提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力,就必須在技術(shù)創(chuàng)造上下功夫。 Advertising is the only way to cuoltivate wellknown brands, in addition to adbertising in the media, big, the other no attention。 Second is weak in marketing, product planning capacity is not strong, it is difficult to judge according to their market lacunch to meet consumer demand?!碑a(chǎn)品的物理屬性、數(shù)量、價(jià)格、質(zhì)量、服務(wù)等很容易被競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手模仿,而品牌除了產(chǎn)品本身,還包含了附加在產(chǎn)品上的文化、背景、情感、消費(fèi)者認(rèn)識(shí)等無(wú)形的東西,使企業(yè)永遠(yuǎn)立足于市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的不敗之地。 洋品牌的低 位在多數(shù)行業(yè)仍是難以動(dòng)搖的 但是,我們也應(yīng)看到,面對(duì)市場(chǎng)上紛繁的產(chǎn)品,真正能讓消費(fèi)者脫口而出的國(guó)內(nèi)品牌屈指可數(shù)。s petitive advantage depends upon capabilities other than advanced product design. In the case of an industrial product such as aluminum ingots, for example, the market characteristics such as product usage patterns, customer attitudes, and target cu