【正文】 situations and 3 handling the different, sometimes conflicting, aims of traffic controllers. The proposed use of the concept of agents in this research is experimental. Assumptions and considerations on agent based urban traffic control There are three aspects where agent based traffic control and management can improve current state of the art UTC systems: Adaptability. Intelligent agents are able to adapt its behaviour and can learn from earlier situations. Communication. Communication makes it possible for agents to cooperate and tune signal plans. Proactive behaviour. Due to the pro active behaviour traffic control systems are able to plan ahead. To be acceptable as replacement unit for current traffic control units, the system should perform the same or better than current systems. The agent based UTC will require online and proactive reaction on changing traffic patterns. An agent based UTC should be demand responsive as well as adaptive during all stages and times. New methods for traffic control and traffic prediction should be developed as current ones do not suffice and cannot be used in agent technology. The adaptability can also be divided in several different time scales where the system may need to handle in a different way (Rogier, 1999): gradual changes due to changing traffic volumes over a longer period of time, abrupt changes due to changing traffic volumes over a longer period of time, abrupt, temporal, changes due to changing traffic volumes over a short period of time, abrupt, temporal, changes due to prioritised traffic over a short period of time One way of handling the balance between performance and plexity is the use of a hierarchical system layout. We propose a hierarchy of agents where every agent is responsible for its own optimal solution, but may not only be influenced by adjoining agents but also via higher level agents. These agents have the task of solving conflicts between lower level agents that they can39。s and partly placed in the ITSA39。在這里，我們目前的代理技術(shù)應(yīng)用于動(dòng)態(tài)交通控制概念。此外，人工智能、智能代理應(yīng)該有一些額外的屬性使得它自己可以解決一些實(shí)時(shí)問(wèn)題、理解信息、有目標(biāo)和方向、對(duì)情況進(jìn)行分清區(qū)別、 揉合 新概念或想法 。為此，我們最終使用實(shí)時(shí)代理技術(shù)進(jìn)行有效的交通燈控制。 基于 UTC 的 代理將要求改變交通模式的在線 反應(yīng)和積極反應(yīng) 。 ITSA 根據(jù)其目標(biāo)，能力，知識(shí)，觀念和數(shù)據(jù)決定 如何 去 控制它的交叉 路 口 。采集的數(shù)據(jù)一部分放在 RSA，一部分放在 ITSA。該預(yù)測(cè)模型存儲(chǔ)了幾個(gè)輸入：車輛檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)、有關(guān)道路交通情況、控制策略、十字路口的重要數(shù)據(jù)和它的交通狀況、和 ITSA 附近的交通路口以及更高級(jí)的代理通訊。到達(dá)的時(shí)間可以由 RSA 提供，是的綠色自動(dòng)覆蓋。 進(jìn)一步的研究和模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究 控制策略，基于智能自主代理 ，有必要提供以 代理為基礎(chǔ)的控制系統(tǒng) 的可用性的適當(dāng)證明 。系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行時(shí)可以得到流量的平均數(shù)據(jù)。 預(yù)測(cè)模型 我們希望通過(guò)包括具體的預(yù)測(cè)模型代理去預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的交通狀況?；陬A(yù)定的控制策略去選擇 相應(yīng)的信號(hào)操作規(guī)則 。 這個(gè) 想法仍然是在地方一級(jí)的優(yōu)化 （十字路口），但與當(dāng)?shù)睾驼w控制。通信是的代理之間進(jìn)行合作，從而對(duì)計(jì)劃信號(hào)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。代理技術(shù)也可以用于數(shù)據(jù)的分配。 8 什么是智能代理？ 代理 技術(shù)是人工智能的一個(gè)新概念。“實(shí)時(shí)”自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)將需要主動(dòng)計(jì)算交通信息和循環(huán)地計(jì)劃，這種計(jì)劃是根據(jù)不斷計(jì)算更新的交通信息而采取的。s. The ITSA is the agent that controls and operates one specific intersection of which it is pletely informed. All ITSA39。 draw distinctions between situations。 generalise。s have direct munication with neighbouring ITSA39。 我們研究代理 可用性技術(shù)在交通控制時(shí)可以分成兩部分。人工智能代理模式是基于無(wú)功，自主，內(nèi)部 機(jī) 動(dòng) 的實(shí)體，動(dòng)態(tài)的居住概念，并不一定 是 完全可預(yù)見(jiàn)的環(huán)境（ Weiss， 1999年）。 代理和多代理系統(tǒng)， 有 模擬仿真復(fù)雜交通系統(tǒng)的能力 。 ? 積極主動(dòng)。為此，我們使用面積代理的方式。 在本研究中， 我們要求介紹 設(shè)立一個(gè)額外的，緩慢 的循環(huán) 規(guī)則和一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)參數(shù)可以由一個(gè)高階元改變的模型 。該預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)于主動(dòng)交通控制的發(fā)展是非常重要的。在不久的將來(lái)，以電腦為基礎(chǔ)的方案將能夠做到部分自動(dòng)預(yù)測(cè)。 。探測(cè)器需要提供有關(guān)隊(duì)列和車輛數(shù)目的資料。元預(yù)測(cè)模型比較了當(dāng)前的交通預(yù)測(cè)精度，如果有不準(zhǔn)確或不足的將會(huì)做出調(diào)整。對(duì)于 ITSA 的內(nèi)部代理模型和代理的職能詳見(jiàn)圖二。 我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的代理系統(tǒng) 一個(gè)基于 UTC 反應(yīng)靈敏的代理系統(tǒng)的由智能路口，一些權(quán)威的代理（區(qū)域路線代理）和一些可選路線 代理（ RSA）組成。 要對(duì)目前的交通控制單元進(jìn)行替換，可以接受的是該系統(tǒng)應(yīng)執(zhí)行得和現(xiàn)在系統(tǒng) 一樣或者比它更好。我們感興趣的是代理技術(shù)在（城市）交通控制中的應(yīng)用。綜合代理系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是可以通過(guò)很多的代理系統(tǒng)互相合作去解決各種各樣的問(wèn)題。這項(xiàng)研究的最后階段關(guān)注的是實(shí)際問(wèn)題，如實(shí)施和收到的成效。s and all its traffic lights. Here we use the agent technology to implement a distributed planning algorithm. The route agents’ tasks are controlling, coordinating and leading the ITSA’s towards a more global optimum. Using all available information the ITSA (re)calculates the next, most optimal, states and control strategy and operates the traffic signals accordingly. The ITSA can directly influence the control strategy of their intersection(s) and is able to get insight into oning traffic The internals of the ITSA model Traffic dependent intersection control normally works in a fast loop. The detector data is fed into the control algorithm. Based upon predetermined rules a control strategy is chosen and the signals are operated accordingly. In this research we 5 suggest the introduction of an extra, slow, loop where rules and parameters of a prediction model can be changed by a higher order metamodel. ITSA model The internals of an ITSA consists of several agents. For a better overview of the internal ITSA modelagents and agent based functions see figure 2. Data collection is partly placed at the RSA39。 model the world they operate in and plan and predict consequences of actions and evaluate alternatives. The problem solving ponent of an intelligent agent can be a rulebased system but can a