【正文】 ection provisions, the Florida court only according to ethnic factors judgment is not allowed. 4. Religion And the effect of race on the custody case similarity, the religious beliefs as a child custody ruling basis is in violation of the Supreme Court noted family courts can consider parental religious beliefs, in order to protect the best interests of their children, but the Federal Constitution prohibits the court from religion to consider different religious superiority or show some , the United States Court in relation with religion child custody problems mainly adhere to this principle: the marital relationship continues to exist during both parents agreed to their religious beliefs, after divorce, both for the children of religious beliefs have agreement, from protocol, there is no agreement or protocol is not consistent, the guardianship parents a decision. PART 4 Inspiration From the United States after the divorce custody system The author thinks, the United States of America39。 (4) medical care, including care and go to the hospital to see a doctor after school。Joint legal custody refers to both parents are entitled to decide children39。在子女利益與父母利益之 間 ,兒童的福祉是第一位的 ,父母的權(quán)利、望、求是第二位愿要的?？傮w而言 ,美國法院在涉及與宗教有關(guān)的子女監(jiān)護(hù)問題時(shí)主要堅(jiān)持這樣的原則 :在婚姻關(guān)系存續(xù)期間父母雙方協(xié)商決定子女的宗教信仰 ,離婚后 ,雙方對(duì)于子女宗教信仰有協(xié)議的 ,從協(xié)議 ,沒有協(xié)議或協(xié)議不一致的 ,由有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的父母一方?jīng)Q定。法官可以允許律師在聽詢時(shí)在場 ,并應(yīng)作法 庭記錄。主要照管人不愿意與他方合作共同撫養(yǎng)子女的。明尼蘇達(dá)州最高法院在 一案中 ,確定了主要照顧者的認(rèn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ,即考慮父母一方誰主要承擔(dān)了以下責(zé)任 :(1)做飯 ?！都永Ｄ醽喢穹ǖ洹返?4600 條規(guī)定 ,法庭在決定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)時(shí) ,要從兒童健康、安全幸福、父母有無虐待兒童的歷史、父母子女的關(guān)系幾個(gè)方面綜合判斷“兒童的最佳利益”。 二 離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護(hù)的基本原則 ——— 子女最佳利益 1871 年之前 ,法院在英國普通法的“父權(quán)優(yōu)先”的原則之下 ,自動(dòng)地將監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)給予父親 ,父親有權(quán)向子女的母親或者其他人要求交還子女 ,如果子女的母親或其他人拒絕交還的 ,該父親有權(quán)根據(jù)人身保護(hù)令強(qiáng)制其交還。法律上的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,是指對(duì)于與子女長期教育、醫(yī)療、教育或其他對(duì)子女生活有重大影響的事務(wù)的決定權(quán)。但是 ,如何判斷在何種情況下才符合“子女最佳利益”頗為復(fù)雜。因此 ,美國有學(xué)者特別指出 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)必須由父母雙方自己決定并自愿達(dá)成協(xié)議 ,法庭不得作出共同監(jiān)護(hù)的裁判。后來隨著憲法平等保護(hù)條款、婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的挑戰(zhàn)及心理學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)父親對(duì)于年幼子女的重要性“幼年原則” ,最終被“子女最佳利益”原則所取代。直到 1970 年 ,加利福尼亞州法律還規(guī)定 ,在其他條件相當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下 ,幼年子女由母親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,當(dāng)子女需要上學(xué)接受教育或準(zhǔn)備外出工作、經(jīng)商時(shí) ,則應(yīng)當(dāng)由父親行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。(8)教育孩子基本的行為規(guī)則 ,如日常行為、上洗手間的訓(xùn)練 。有學(xué)者還進(jìn)一步指出 ,假設(shè)的共同監(jiān)護(hù)是有害的 ,有相當(dāng)數(shù)量共同的身體上監(jiān)護(hù)的案件實(shí)質(zhì)上最終的結(jié)果是父母間的沖突 ,共同監(jiān)護(hù)只有當(dāng)父母雙方均能夠相互協(xié)作時(shí)才能較佳地運(yùn)作 。 (三 )種族 通常 ,法院在作出監(jiān)護(hù)判決前必須全面考慮所有與子女利益有關(guān)的因素 ,雖然種族不能作為單獨(dú)的決定性因素 ,但在父母屬于不同種族的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)案件中 ,種族確實(shí)與確定子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的歸屬有關(guān)。正緣于此 ,父母監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)專屬于未成年人的父母 ,并應(yīng)依法行使監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán) ,不得濫用 ,也不得拋棄。 divorce who is under the age of 18, In divorce cases, half of it relates to children,Therefore, American law has a very detailed about care provision in children after general, the United States Court of children after divorce guardian, in the best interests of the child as the fundamental , how to determine the conditions under which is consistent with the best interests of the child is quite article through to the United States about the children after divorce guardianship legislation and case study analysis, discuss its lessons. PDRT 1 The Care forms for Minor children after their parents divorce The care forms for Minor children after their parents United States state law is not the ,After her parents divorced custody exercise there are mainly four ways:1).Individual monitoring,The father or mother in which one party to exercise ).Distribution monitoring,Both parents have custody of the children, but at the time of be ).Joint custody,Both parents have custody of the children, but in the legal and physical custody to be ).Isolation ward,Both parents are on different children acquire the sole present about the care the most mon situation is the mother to enjoy the physical custody rights and father39。s interaction with the relation。 (2) working parttime but have time to care for the children party。s care, protection, monitoring the obligation and responsibility, emphasize children best interests, has bee the consensus of the legislation in the world.The best interests of the child as national marriage law the basic principles, but also the national courts in dealing with after the divorce of their parents to child custody cases is the highest the principle of best interests of children should not only be applicable to court for handling a case of divorce, should also apply to couples divorce case, and as a basic principle, it should be handling the relationship between parents and children foundation. Then, in the laws relating to the rights of the child in the establishment of the principle of giving priority the interests of the child and parents39。 (7) night lulled the baby to sleep, the morning wake up the children。These statistics suggest, joint custody while the law advocates, but in practice is not universal. PART 2 The basic principle of the guardianship of minorsThe principle of best interests of children Before 1871, the courts in the mon law of England patriarchal priority principle, will automatically awarded custody father,Father has the right to children mother or other demands the return of the children,If the mother of the child or other people refuse to return, the father have the right to habeas corpus forced to 1929,Mali Lanzhou appeals court still think that,Father and mother to child custody pared to have as the mother of the long,The United States legislative almost uniform provisions, unless the mother is unable to provide appropriate care conditions, minor custody of children belonging to the 1930 on wards,The majority of the United States Court or the State adopts juvenile principle will be awarded the mother custody of young children,Considered the father were not able to provide children with the necessary conservation,While the mother in nature for have different provisions on juvenile,New York state under the age of 3,Louisiana state 11 years old the following, West Virginia is provided below the age of the Juvenile Principle under also appeared some extreme example, in the case of Funk house, once the face of a due to a car accident 6 months the mother, the court still think should be