【正文】 also granted China CBM exclusive rights to undertake the exploration, development and production of coalbed methane in coopera tion with foreign partners (China Energy Report, 1996). More than 20 coalbed methane projects are underway or planned in China, and at least half of them are taking place at active mining areas. Some of the projects are statesponsored, while others involve joint ventures with foreign panies. The future of the coalbed methane industry in China appears bright. The government recognizes coalbed methane’s potential for meeting the nation’s burgeoning energy needs and is generally supportive of efforts to develop this resource. With deregulation of energy prices, increased capital investment in pipeline infrastructure, and ongoing research efforts, China can likely overe its remaining barriers to widespread coalbed methane use. 5 Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan In 1994, Russia produced more than 169106 ton of hard coal。本論文重點(diǎn)關(guān)注煤礦開(kāi)采中產(chǎn)生的瓦斯。 礦井瓦斯的回收利用是一種顯著減少礦井瓦斯的有效方法。而僅有少于一半的抽放系統(tǒng)是為了出售回收利用瓦斯的。 俄羅斯、烏克蘭瓦斯利用的前景 這些國(guó)家的能源部門(mén)正在經(jīng)歷轉(zhuǎn)折。 . 冶金工業(yè)爐利用瓦斯 冶金工業(yè)是有利于瓦斯利用市場(chǎng)化的另一優(yōu)勢(shì)。如果想瓦斯回收利用得到普及，那么某些障礙是必須得到解決的。這兩個(gè)地區(qū)的重 工業(yè)比較發(fā)達(dá)，現(xiàn)在這有很多開(kāi)發(fā)利用煤層氣的機(jī)會(huì)，表 3中列出了五個(gè)煤盆地的瓦斯涌出及利用比較。中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院賦予中聯(lián)煤層氣開(kāi)發(fā)公司特權(quán)以便其與外國(guó)合作管理煤層氣勘探、開(kāi)發(fā)、生產(chǎn)。然而這些非國(guó)有煤礦一般不是高瓦斯礦。瓦13 斯是造成溫室效應(yīng)的主要?dú)怏w之一，僅次于二氧化碳。 通過(guò)提高煤礦瓦斯利用降低瓦斯排放存在重重困難，在許多未獨(dú)立的國(guó)家存在同樣的困難。1 附 錄 附錄 A： 英文翻譯（原文） Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions and use Abstract: Underground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the atmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a costeffective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine economics. The world’s ten largest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS particularly Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the methane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems and for coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell highquality mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are mon to a number of the subject countries. Technical barriers include lowpermeability coals。美國(guó)的許多煤礦向天然氣開(kāi)發(fā)商出售高質(zhì)量瓦斯。 第三個(gè)原因是，煤礦瓦斯回收利用有利于全球及地方環(huán)境。中國(guó)14 的瓦斯涌出主要是國(guó)有礦井造成的，而中國(guó)有無(wú)數(shù)的地方煤礦、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)煤礦、私人煤礦，并且它們累計(jì)生產(chǎn)中國(guó)一半的煤。作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的對(duì)外部門(mén)，中聯(lián)煤層氣瓦斯開(kāi)發(fā)公司通過(guò)商業(yè)手段 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)展煤層氣勘探、開(kāi)發(fā)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、運(yùn)輸、利用。 五個(gè)煤盆地中的 the Dosk and Kuzsk 看起來(lái)有最大的短期開(kāi)發(fā)煤層氣的潛力美環(huán)保署 1994）。( Pudak, 1995 ) 然而在 the CIS的一些煤礦在利用瓦斯資源，但是大部分煤礦沒(méi)有這樣做。例如，Kuzsk煤盆地南部的 Novokuzsk城市，有無(wú)數(shù)的瓦斯礦井，它是俄羅斯的最大冶金城市之一，每年，這一地區(qū)的冶金工業(yè)消費(fèi)了大約天然氣的 54 PJ，那相當(dāng)于 10 9 m3的瓦斯。尤其它們的煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)正在經(jīng)歷結(jié)構(gòu)重組，這一過(guò)程包括降低或免征稅收、關(guān)閉多數(shù)虧損煤礦。中國(guó)國(guó)有煤礦管理機(jī)構(gòu)用了他們抽放瓦斯的 70%。更重要的是瓦斯是潔凈燃料，瓦斯燃燒不產(chǎn)生二氧化硫等物，且生成獲得同樣能量燃燒煤所產(chǎn)生二氧化碳的半量 由于煤礦瓦斯涌出對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，美環(huán)保署、 CIAB及其它部門(mén)對(duì)全球范圍的煤礦瓦斯涌出情況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。據(jù)美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署（ USEPA， 1994年）調(diào)查，認(rèn)為地下礦井每年釋放出 19－ 4010 9m3瓦斯，其中僅有少于 10 9 m3的瓦斯被用作燃料。 Kazakhstan produced nearly 104106 ton and Ukraine more than 90106 ton. The coal mining regions of these republics liberate approximately 109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 3% is utilized. This amount represents about 20% of world methane emissions from underground coal mining. The energy sectors of these Republics are at a turning point. The coal mining industry, in particular, is undergoing restructuring, a process which includes decreasing or eliminating subsidies, and closing many of the most unprofitable mines. The industry is being pelled to bee more efficient in order to increase profitability. Mining regions are also seeking to mitigate environmental problems resulting from producing and using coal. Thus, there is an impetus to utilize more natural gas and decrease dependency on low grade coal. Increasing recovery and use of coalbed methane is a potential means of improving mine safety and profitability while meeting the regions’ energy and environmental goals. There are five coal basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States where hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development. They are: (1) the Dosk Basin (Donbass) , located in southeastern Ukraine and western Russia, (2) the Kuzsk Basin Kuzbass , located in western Siberia (southcentral Russia) , (3)the L’vovVolyn Basin, located in western Ukraine, which is the southeastern extension of Poland’s Lublin Basin, (4)the Pechora Basin, located in northern Russia and (5) the Karaganda Coal Basin, located in Kazakhstan. Of the five basins, the Dosk and Kuzsk Basins appear to have the largest nearterm potential for coalbed methane development （ USEPA, 1994b） . Both of these regions are heavily industrialized and present many opportunities for coalbed methane use. Options for methane use in the CIS Heating mine facilities. Currently, most mines use coalfired boilers to produce steam heat for drying coal, heating mine facilities and heating ventilation air. In some cases, mine boilers also supply thermal energy to the surrounding mu