【正文】 ortant for the future safe operation of storage tanks. The purpose of this paper is to categorize the causes that lead to 242 tank accidents occurred in last 40 years. The fishbone diagram (The cause and effect diagram) invented by Dr Kaoru Ishikawa (Ishikawa and Lu, 1985) is used to summarize the effects and the causes that create or contribute to those effects. We hope that this work will be beneficial to tank operators and engineers. 2. Overall statistics The information of 242 tank accidents reviewed in this work was collected from published reports (March and Mclennan, 1990。 UL,1986。Lonnermark, 2021). The ignition tore the insulated cone roof into several pieces resulting a full surface fire. A fire destroyed an almost empty refinery gasoline tank during a 2021 tank inspection in Superior, Wisconsin (Perssonamp。 本文的目的是要 分析 導(dǎo)致發(fā)生在過(guò)去的 40 年 的 242 罐事故的原因。 罐體 失真和人 的 過(guò)失 僅發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。 1991 年新加坡 的一個(gè) 儲(chǔ) 油 罐 環(huán)密封火災(zāi) 升級(jí)為 整個(gè)表面 和 碼頭 火災(zāi)。 1988 年田納西州孟菲斯和 1989 年美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州 Sandwich 在絕緣安裝 時(shí)發(fā)生事故。為了減少電動(dòng)危險(xiǎn)，每個(gè) 配 房， 電間 或地區(qū)必須 依據(jù) 國(guó)家電氣法規(guī)考慮確定其單獨(dú)分類(lèi)界定，美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì) 70 頁(yè) 第 500 條，危險(xiǎn)（分類(lèi)）的位置（學(xué)會(huì) ， 1993 年 ） 。危害減少的措施包括適當(dāng)?shù)臒狳c(diǎn)工作程序 ， 如獲得工作許可證的熱點(diǎn)，有防火糾察隊(duì)和滅火設(shè)備 存在。有關(guān)火災(zāi)危險(xiǎn)的次要影響是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)直接 沖擊 。外浮頂罐是最常見(jiàn)的類(lèi)型和 拱頂罐 是第二個(gè)最常見(jiàn) 的 類(lèi)型 .這兩種類(lèi)型儲(chǔ)罐 廣泛用于儲(chǔ)存原油石油 、 汽油 、 柴油。 在過(guò)去 50 年里，貿(mào)易組織和工程社會(huì)如美國(guó)石油學(xué)（ API 的 ） ，美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師學(xué)會(huì)（學(xué)會(huì)） ，美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)（美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)），以及國(guó)家防火協(xié)會(huì)（美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)）已出版了 工程的嚴(yán)格指導(dǎo)方針和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)施工， 材料選擇，設(shè)計(jì)和安全管理的儲(chǔ)油罐及其配件（學(xué)會(huì) ，1988 年 ； 1993 年空氣污染指數(shù)， 1988 年 ； 1990 年美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì)， 2021 年 。s falling only occurred a few times. Property losses were rarely reported and the information was difficult to find. The average property loss of the 10 largest storage tank damage losses listed in Table 6 is 114 million in January 2021 dollars. 3. Causes of accidents As indicated in Table 7, lightning was the most frequent cause of accident and the maintenance error was the secondmost frequent cause. The rest were operational error,equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static electricity, open flames etc. To illustrate causes and effects, a fishbone diagram as shown in Fig. 1 was developed. A fishbone diagram as shown in Fig. 2 was also developed for the prevention of accidents. . Light}ci}cg There are two major causes of lightning related fires. The first one is a direct strike and the second is the secondary effects such as the bound charge, the electromagic pulse, the electrostatic pulse and the earth currents (Carpenter,1996). A direct lightning strike zone has a radius between 10and 10 m. When a storage tank is in the direct strike zone, flammable vapors exposed to the heating effect or the stroke channel may be ignited. Among the 80 lightning accidents, a dozen tanks were hit directly resulting in roof blowing off and massive destruction. A lighting strike to a floating roof tank containing naphtha on October 24, 1995 in Gilacap, Indonesia resulted in fires and property damages of 38 million dollars in January, 20