【正文】 柳州 產(chǎn) 品 ? 系列 ? 產(chǎn)品組 ? 規(guī)格 F5M42 地 區(qū) ? 國外 ? 國內(nèi) ? 大區(qū) ? 省份 ? 城市 時 間 ? 年 季 月 周 日 4G63 MPI 4G64 R5M21 4G63 CARB 上海 廣州 一季 二季 三季 四季 銷售量 沈陽 長春 福州 Information Systems and Information Technology: Core Concepts ? An information system (IS) collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and distributes information for a specific purpose or objective. – Input. Data and information about business transactions are captured or collected by pointofsale (POS) scanners and Web sites and received by other input devices. – Processing. Data is transformed, converted, and analyzed for storage or transfer to an output device. – Output. Data, information, reports, and so on are distributed to digital screens or hardcopy (paper), sent as audio, or transferred to other ISs via munication works. – Feedback. A feedback mechanism monitors and controls operations. 31 32 ? Management Information Systems (MIS) – the development and use of information systems that help businesses achieve their goals and objectives. This definition has three key elements: development and use, information systems, and business goals and objectives. 33 ? Information System (IS) is an assembly of hardware, software, data, procedures, and people that produces information. ? Five Components of an Information System 34 Figure 14 35 ? These five ponents are symmetrical. The outermost ponents, hardware and people, are both actors。 26 （ 5） 滯后性 – 信息滯后于數(shù)據(jù)。 17 ? All information is not equal: Some information is better than other information. The Characteristics of Good Information Figure 12 18 ? Accurate – Accuracy is crucial。 NJUST Dep. Of Industrial Engineering 企業(yè)信息化 Enterprise Informatization 2 參考教材： 1.《 企業(yè)信息化教程 》 韋沛文等 編著 清華大學(xué)出版社 2.《 管理信息系統(tǒng)精要 》 肯尼思 ? 什么是智慧？ 16 ? 數(shù)據(jù)管理： 對客觀對象的表達(dá)、識別和檢測。 25 （ 3）抽象性 – 必須區(qū)分信息的載體與內(nèi)容，信息有可能在不同的載體之間轉(zhuǎn)化與傳遞。在企業(yè)內(nèi)部，要充分利用信息的共享性，在信息有效的時間內(nèi)，在內(nèi)部快速擴(kuò)散，對外部則應(yīng)該抑制信息擴(kuò)散的負(fù)效應(yīng)。 motivated workforce ? Weaknesses: lack of expertise。 – 信息的加工時間是指獲取某信息由數(shù)據(jù)加工所需要的加工時間。 one of the critical decisions that each of us has to make each day is what information to ignore. The higher you rise into management, the more information you will be given, and, because there is only so much time, the more information you will need to ignore. So, information should be sufficient, but just barely. 23 ? Worth Its Cost – Information is not free. There are costs for developing an information system, costs of operating and maintaining that system, and costs of your time and salary for reading and processing the information the system produces. For information to be worth its cost, an appropriate relationship must exist between the cost of information and its value. – Information systems should be subject to the same financial analyses to which other assets are subjected. 24 ? 信息的基本特征 (1)真實(shí)性。 4 The Course Help You Learn Nonroutine Skills ? This is the best course you choose for learning these four key skills. – Abstract Reasoning – Systems Thinking – Collaboration – Ability to Experiment 5 ? Abstract Reasoning is the ability to make and manipulate models. ? Systems thinking is the ability to model the ponents of the system, to connect the inputs and outputs among those ponents into a sensible whole that reflects the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon. You will be asked to critique systems。從中得出系統(tǒng)化的規(guī)律、概念或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。而選擇表現(xiàn)形式需要考慮維清晰性和詳盡性。這種共享是一種非零和的共享，即共享的諸方受益、受損是不確定的，各方因同一信息而獲得的增值并不等于少數(shù)方獨(dú)占該信息所獲得的增值。 obsolescence 64 ? SWOT is only a guide and should be used together with other tools such as Porter’s fiveforces analysis model. ? SWOT analysis is often done at the outset of the strategic planning process ? Strategic planning is a series of processes in which an anization selects and arranges its businesses or services to keep the anization viable even when unexpected events disrupt one or more of its businesses, markets, products, or services. Strategic planning involves environmental scanning and prediction, or SWOT analysis, for each business relative to petitors in that business’s market or product line. 65 ? Strategy defines the plan for how a business will achieve its mission, goals, and objectives. It specifies the necessary financial requirements, budgets, and resources . Strategy addresses fundamental issues such as the pany’s position in its industry, its available resources and options, and future directions. A strategy addresses questions such as: – What is the longterm direction of our business? – What is the overall plan for deploying our resources? – What tradeoffs are necessary? What resources will it need to share? – What is our position vis224。過了這個時期，信息就不會產(chǎn)生效益，即信息的有效性。信息的增值性即指人們通過利用信息，可以獲得效益。 11 ? data？ –data is defined as recorded facts or figures. – 原始、不相關(guān)的事實(shí)表達(dá)，是對客體或事件的測量或觀測值。 12 ? Information is subjective， that means one person’s information may be another person’s data. Figure 11 13 ? 數(shù)據(jù)和信息的關(guān)系 – 信息是我們對數(shù)據(jù)的解釋，或者說是數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)在含義?？梢詮臅r間、內(nèi)容和形式三個維度，確定人們對信息的需求，從而來確定信息的價值。 – 信息如同一種產(chǎn)品，具有其生命周期。vis petitors? – How do we achieve petitive advantage over rivals in order to achieve or maximize profitability? 66 PORTER’S COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL AND STRATEGIES ? Michael Porter’s petitive forces model, also called the fiveforces model, has been used to develop strategies for panies to identify their petitive edge. The model also demonstrates how IT can enhance petitiveness ? According to Porter’s petitive forces model, there are five major forces in an industry that affect the degree of petition and thus impact profit margins and ultimately profitability . These forces interact, so although you will rea