【正文】 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Savanna (稀樹草原 ) Figure . A typical savanna in Kenya Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Lakes (湖泊 ) Figure An oligotrophic lake (貧養(yǎng)湖 ) in Grand Teton, Wyoming A eutrophic lake (優(yōu)養(yǎng)湖 ) in Okavango delta, Botswana LAKES Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional, Local, and Seasonal Effects on Climate ? Various features of the landscape – Contribute to local variations in climate Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Climate ? Four major abiotic ponents make up climate – Temperature, water, sunlight, and wind ? Climate – Is the prevailing (盛行的 /流行的 ) weather conditions in a particular area Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Concept : Interactions between anisms and the environment limit the distribution of species ? Ecologists – Have long recognized global and regional patterns of distribution of anisms within the biosphere Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecologists(生態(tài)學(xué)家 ) Scientist or biologist using observations (觀察 ) and experiments to test explanations (解釋 ) for the distribution (分佈 ) and abundance (豐度 ) of species. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organisms and the Environment (生物與環(huán)境 ) ? The environment of any anism includes – Abiotic(非生物性 ), or nonliving ponents: temperature, sunlight, water and nutrient. – Biotic (生物性 ), or living ponents: other anisms. – All the anisms living in the environment, the biota (生物相 ) (Biota, biomass, biomes) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Environmental Issues ? Ecology – Provides the scientific understanding underlying environmental issues ? Rachel Carson – Is credited with starting the modern environmental movement. Figure Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sunlight ? Light intensity and quality – Can affect photosynthesis in ecosystems ? Light – Is also important to the development and behavior of anisms sensitive to the photoperiod (光週期 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Global air circulation and precipitation patterns ? Air circulation and wind patterns play major parts in determining the Earth’s climate patterns Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 0? Arid zone Tropics 60?N 30?N 0? (equator) 30?S 60?S Figure Arid zone 乾燥區(qū) 乾燥區(qū) 熱帶區(qū) 下降的乾空氣吸收水氣 下降的乾空氣吸收水氣 上升的溼空氣釋出水氣 靠近赤道的 空氣循環(huán)與降雨 全球氣流循環(huán) 因加熱而移動的空氣在赤道兩側(cè)產(chǎn)生三個主要的空氣循環(huán) ，在每一個循環(huán)胞內(nèi)，上升的空氣質(zhì) (藍(lán)色 )以降雨方式釋出水氣，而下降的空氣 (褐色 )則吸收水氣，產(chǎn)生乾燥的環(huán)境。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The distribution of major aquatic biomes ? The examination of biomes (生物相 ) will begin with Earth’s aquatic biomes Figure 30?N Tropic of Cancer Equator 30?S Continental shelf Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic zone Estuaries Intertidal zone Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone) 深海區(qū) Key Tropic of Capricorn Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings General Features (特徵 ) of Terrestrial Biomes ? Terrestrial biomes (陸域生物相 ) – Are often named for major physical or climatic factors and for their predominant vegetation (優(yōu)勢植被 ) ? Vertical stratification (垂直分層 ) – Is an important feature of terrestrial biomes – Canopy(林冠 ), lowtree stratum(矮樹層 ), shrub understory(灌叢 ), ground layer of herbaceous plant(地面草本植物層 ), forest floor(森林地表 ) (litter layer落葉層 ), root layer(根層 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Coniferous forest (針葉林 ) Figure . Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Estuaries (河口 ) Figure . An estuary in a low coastal plain of Geia Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seasonality (季節(jié)性 ) ? The angle of the sun (太陽角度 ) – Leads to many seasonal changes in local environments Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Sunlight intensity plays a major part in determining the Earth’s climate patterns Figure . Latitudinal variation and sunlight intensity Low angle of ining sunlight Sunlight directly overhead Low angle of ining sunlight North Pole 60?N 30?N Tropic of Cancer 0? (equator) 30?S 60?S Atmosphere Tropic of Capricorn South pole Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity 低角度的入射日光 低角度的入射日光 日光正位於頭頂上方 南極 北極 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dispersal and Distribution (散佈與分佈 ) ? Dispersal (散佈 ) – Is the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin – Contributes to the global distribution of anisms Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Community ecology (群聚生態(tài)學(xué) ) Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a munity. Figure Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species (種的歧異度 ) that make up a particular forest? Copyright