【正文】 不過(guò)，考慮到的受訪者人數(shù)很少（只有七個(gè)），不可能得出普遍的結(jié)論。BOO對(duì)于贊助商的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)包括由贊助商在設(shè)定一個(gè)時(shí)間里收回投資費(fèi)用。近代正式實(shí)施的第一個(gè)BOT項(xiàng)目是在1980年代中期，私有化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的項(xiàng)目和土耳其大型電廠的一個(gè)活動(dòng)的組成部分。這些項(xiàng)目主要造成龐大的預(yù)算赤字，債務(wù)，以及其他部門的削減如健康，教育和社會(huì)福利。BOT方式給政府兩個(gè)最好的好處興建的更多的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的受益和沒有額外的公共借貸的負(fù)擔(dān)。 (3) contracting for the design, construction, and operation of new infrastructure (typically BOT)。 (5) the private sector is not interested in BOT ventures (8%)。項(xiàng)目發(fā)起人通常一個(gè)財(cái)團(tuán)或工程，建設(shè)合資企業(yè)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司。公眾客戶就可以權(quán)衡質(zhì)量，成本和進(jìn)度的權(quán)衡。理想情況下，BOT項(xiàng)目投入大，資金雄厚的私人公司為政府服務(wù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)有力的保證，在尋找設(shè)計(jì)和施工效率的過(guò)程，減少公眾金錢的消耗，并公平地分配風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)。 建造營(yíng)運(yùn)特許權(quán)重建（BOR）：這種合同協(xié)議類似于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的BOT方式協(xié)議，除了私人贊助商有權(quán)在特許權(quán)續(xù)期結(jié)束可以要求協(xié)商。麥哈米得當(dāng)政府在其預(yù)算中遭受短缺時(shí)，BOT方式成為在私營(yíng)部門的財(cái)政幫助下建立基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。BOT的體系涉及的私人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本投資是一個(gè)私人贊助（一個(gè)單個(gè)實(shí)體或投資財(cái)團(tuán)）能夠從設(shè)施的使用獲得收入，在特定時(shí)期里設(shè)計(jì)，融資，建設(shè)，運(yùn)行和維持一個(gè)供公眾使用的項(xiàng)目。第三，20世紀(jì)70年代中期在石油富國(guó)的國(guó)際大公司很忙碌，但在80年代初，他們經(jīng)歷了業(yè)務(wù)下滑?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目充足公共資金的缺乏，使得探索創(chuàng)新融資模式是有意義的，如已成功地應(yīng)用于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的BOT方式，在地方、國(guó)家和美國(guó)的聯(lián)邦政府面臨很多相同的問題，民營(yíng)化被認(rèn)為是美國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施當(dāng)下情況的解決方案之一。這些項(xiàng)目的迫切需要和公共機(jī)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)期的預(yù)算短缺，鼓勵(lì)了資金募集方法的創(chuàng)新。本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外 文 翻 譯原文：BuildOperateTransfer in Infrastructure Projects In the United StatesPublic facilities known as infrastructure are vital to the nation’s production and distribution of economic output as well as to its citizens’ overall quality of life. Infrastructure includes highways, railways, ports, tunnels, bridges, power plants, hydraulic structures, mass transit, municipal facilities, and similar public facilities with the primary function of serving public needs, providing social services and promoting private economic activities. Having adequate infrastructure requires having adequate funding to construct and maintain that infrastructure. In general, implementing infrastructure projects require a large capital investment.The financing of infrastructure projects has gained importance as the size and plexity of these projects increased in the last 2 decades. The immediate need for such projects coupled with chronic budget shortages experienced by public agencies encouraged the use of innovative financing. Even though public owners are normally responsible for providing financing, in some cases, financing may be relegated to an outside party’s responsibility. In this regard, buildoperatetransfer (BOT) has established itself as a valid delivery/financing system, whereby a private sponsor (an individual private entity or a consortium of investors) finances the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of a public project for a specified concession period, at the end of which it transfers ownership to the government agency, hopefully after recouping its costs and achieving profits. The main idea behind using BOT is to alleviate the spending on governments’ budgets by seeking capital from external financiers especially on largescale projects. The BOT contractual arrangement provides a mechanism for using private finance。近二十多年基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目融資已隨著這些項(xiàng)目的規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性的增加而變得重要。雖然美國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施需要大規(guī)模和直接的投資，公共機(jī)構(gòu)提供的資金難以面對(duì)這樣的挑戰(zhàn)。第二，發(fā)展中國(guó)家日益嚴(yán)重的債務(wù)，借貸能力和預(yù)算資源非常有限。需要利用BOT基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展的國(guó)家應(yīng)該從香港政府援助的項(xiàng)目到一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)良好的項(xiàng)目BOT的發(fā)展中學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。興建，維護(hù)和運(yùn)營(yíng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目成本是很高的。艾約高妮，大衛(wèi) 建造租賃擁有（BLO）：擁有私人贊助該設(shè)施的所有權(quán)和建設(shè)完成后，將設(shè)施租賃給政府長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)營(yíng)（不移交）。BOT項(xiàng)目的成功依賴于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的動(dòng)機(jī)，有利于所有各方（政府，最終用戶，以及贊助商）。如果資源是有限的，就需要一個(gè)創(chuàng)新的項(xiàng)目實(shí)施和融資方法。投資資本可能來(lái)自商業(yè)銀行，保險(xiǎn)公司，或出售債券。 and (6) resistance to change is a factor (7%). Seven government agencies (., 12% of the remaining organizations that responded to the survey) who used some variation of BOT in various types of infrastructure projects, reported the reasons why they did so and pointed out the difficulties they encountered in the implementation process. But given the low number of respondents (only seven), it was not possible to draw generalized conclusions.Given the increased demand for public facilities and the lack of fu