【正文】 capital and labor are not homogenous。 a p p a r e l : S I T C 84x 。 Stern, 1977]. Again, because good data are available, both the rate of change over time and the absolute level can be used for parison. C a p i t a l ~ O u t p u t R a t i o . The most mon measurement for paring the impact of new capital investment among many diverse countries is the incremental capital/output ratio ICOR . ICOR measures the addi tional output associated with each increase in gross fixed capital 1. U n i t L a b o r Cost. Any number of cost considerations can be used to pare production and export performance in one country with that in another. A recent survey by the Bank of England pared a number of cost measures ., consumer price index, wholesale prices, total unit costs and concluded that the best single measure of petitiveness of manufactured exports is change in unit labor cost [Enoch, 1978] . R e t u r n to N o n l a b o r F a c t o r s . Several approximations can be made of the return to nonlabor factors i. e., capital, entrepreneurship, government . One is simply the share of value added not going to labor. Another is the ratio of value added per employee to salary per employee. We have selected what we consider to be the best available measures of the types of industry characteristics associated with export efficiencies. Table 4 defines each variable used as an independent variable in this study. 1See Gupta [I977]。 apparel trade rose in dollar value by percent per year. Since textile and apparel prices rose much less than prices of other traded goods, the volume in crease was much larger than that of all traded goods. The volume of textile products expanded by percent per year, the volume of apparel by percent, pared with 97 percent for all traded goods [UN, Year book of International Trade Statistics, I969ff.] 1. Remarl~: The study was financed by a grant of the Ford Foundation. Textile SITC 65 and apparel SITC 84I exports are d e f l a t e d by the . wholesale price index for textiles and apparel. See IMF var. iss.]。 Leibenstein [x966]。外文翻譯原文紡織品貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式 Textile Trade and tlle Pattern of Economic Growth By Gregory Schmid and Owen Phillips Contents: I. Patterns of Trade. II. Efficient Production and Export Performance. III. Successful Exporters and Economic Development. IV. Conlusion. n the postWorld War II era, the international economy experienced I a period of extremely rapid growth in world trade. This boom period reached its peak in the late i96os and early i97os. The growth in trade created some notable opportunities for increasing exports of manufac tured goods from the developing countries. Certain developing countries have been able to take advantage of these opportunities, especially those involved in trade in textiles and apparel. This article examines the patterns of trade in textiles and apparel, factors of production that are associated with export petitiveness, and the impact of overall petitiveness on the development process. I. Patterns of Trade The relatively stable environment for international transactions estab lished after World War II encouraged growth in trade. Between 1954 and 1959, world trade expanded by an average percent per year in . dol lar value。 Sato [I97z]。 between 1968 and 1974, by percent per year. Growth rates in volume terms were more modest, though the increase was still significant: percent, per cent, and percent in the three periods [IMF, var. iss.]. The trade boom of the late I96OS and early I97OS was even more pro nounced in the textile and apparel markets. Between 1968 and 1974, the dollar value of textile trade rose by 18. 9 percent per year。 Hooley [I967]。 3 Philippines . . . United Kingdom . . . Singapore . . . Portugal E g y p t 12. 7 Israel 24,9 a SITC 61. b SITC 841. Malta 413 India Table 2 Textile and Apparel Market Shares, 1967 and 1974 percent Textiles Apparel 1967 1974 1967 1974