【正文】 I I Developing Countries i5. 4 I [ Eight Industrial Countries 9 9 649 i i 424 Source: UN [Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, var. iss.] 296 Gregory Schmid and O w e n P h i l l i p s Table 3 Share o/ Textiles and Apparel in Total Manu/aetured Exports a, 1974 percent C o u n t r y S h a r e C o u n t r y S h a r e E g y p t 7 1 . 2 B r a z i l . . 2 1 . 8 M a l t a . . . 5 9 . 6 T u n i s i a . . 2 1 . 2 I n d i a 4 6 . 7 P h i l i p p i n e s P o r t u g a l . . . 4 0 . 4 S i n g a p o r e . 11. 4 K o r e a 3 8 . 0 I s r a e l . . C o l o m b i a . . 3 5 . 4 S p a i n . . 8 . 7 G r e e c e . . . 2 6 . 2 a T e x t i l e s : S I T C 65 。 and there are probably other important factors of production inherent in such things as specialized management, organizational, and marketing skills. It is likely that specific developing exporters are successful because they achieve sizable economies or utilize special skills not available to other lowwage countries. The presence of economies of scale or specialized skills is hard to measure in any multicountry parison, so the differences in industrial performance among countries have to be measured by paring relative costs and rates of return from factors used in production and the extra output associated with additional factors. Textile Trade and the Pattern of Economic Growth 297 The measures used in this study will be similar to those used in a number of studies of overall manufacturing petitiveness. The mea sures include: the cost of labor, the value added associated with each employee, the relative efficiency in the utilization of capital, the unit cost of output, and the return to factors other than labor. T h e Cost o / L a b o r . The cost of labor is the return given to one of the key factors of production. Differences in returns reflect both different supply situations and different levels of education, experience, and skill [Lipsey and Weiss, 1973。 share of world textile trade has grown. This trend may be explained by the standard factor proportions model of international trade, which implies that lowine, lowwage countries should have some parative advantage in the rel atively laborintensive textile trade. The standard factor proportions mod el assumes no economies of scale and usually two homogenous factors of productionlabor and capital. The cost of capital should be roughly equal to efficient producers in any country, who can pete in inter national export markets though producers in certain countries will have a harder time convincing lenders of future prospects . Thus, the cost of labor determines the flow of goods. But in the actual world of international trade, there are significant economies of scale。 m a n u f a c t u r e d exports: S I T C 5 8 . Source: U N [ Y e a r b o o k of I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e S t a t i s t i c s , 1978]. H. Efficient Production and Export Performance Over the last decade, the developing countries39。 Stern, 1977]. There are excellent data available to measure the cost of labor. It is feasible to pare both the rate of change of employee pensation over time and the absolute level of employee pensation in any given year. F a c t o r E f f i c i e n c y . It is very difficult to separate the contribution of each factor of input. However, it is possible to measure the relative effi ciency of all factors. The average value added per employee is a good measure of the output associated with each worker and hence the level of human capital and equipment used [Lipsey and Weiss,