【正文】 54 ? Knowledge Spillovers知識(shí)外溢 ? Knowledge is one of the important input factors in highly innovative 高創(chuàng)新行業(yè)的重要投入要素 ? The specialized knowledge that is crucial to success in innovative industries es from專業(yè)知識(shí)對(duì)于成功創(chuàng)新非常重要，是因?yàn)?: ?Research and development efforts Ramp。 43 ? The Significance of Intraindustry Trade行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要性和意義 ? About onefourth of world trade consists of intraindustry 成 ? Intraindustry trade plays a particularly large role in the trade in manufactured goods among advanced industrial nations, which accounts for most of world 達(dá)國(guó)家之間的行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易對(duì)世界貿(mào)易起了重要作用。 27 ? The equilibrium number of firms均衡廠商數(shù)量 ?The downwardsloping curve PP shows that the more firms, the lower the price each firm will charge. ? The more firms, the more petition each firm 曲線：向下傾斜的 PP曲線表示廠商數(shù)量越多，各廠商定價(jià)越低。 17 ? Monopolistic petition壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ?A special case of oligopoly壟斷的特殊情況：壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ?Two key assumptions are made to get around the problem of interdependence: (P121)壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的假設(shè) ? Each firm is assumed to be able to differentiate its product from its 差異 ? Each firm is assumed to take the prices charged by its rivals as 影響 (將競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的價(jià)格作為既定 )。 ?特征：市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)為不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，大規(guī)模企業(yè)比小企業(yè)更有成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。 ? 兩類規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)均是國(guó)際貿(mào)易的重要原因。 18 ? Are there any monopolistically petitive industries in the real world?真實(shí)世界中到底有沒有壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)呢？ ?Some industries may be reasonable approximations (., the automobile industry in Europe)許多行業(yè)較為接近壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，如汽車行業(yè) ?The main appeal of the monopolistic petition model is not its realism, but its 型產(chǎn)品有差異，但不能完全替代。 ?The upwardsloping curve CC tells us that the more firms there are, the higher the average cost of each ? If the number of firms increases, each firm will sell less, so firms will not be able to move as far down their average cost 傾斜的 CC曲線表示廠商數(shù)量越多，平均成本越多，各廠商銷量越低。 44 Table 63: Indexes of Intraindustry Trade for . Industries, 1993(P140) 45 部分國(guó)家行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易指數(shù) 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 1970年 1987年 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 1970年 1987年 美國(guó) 61 印度 37 日本 28 巴西 德國(guó) 墨西哥 法國(guó) 土耳其 英國(guó) 80 泰國(guó) 意大利 61 韓國(guó) 加拿大 阿根廷 西班牙 新加坡 平均 平均 46 ? Why Intraindustry Trade Matters行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易為什么重要 ? Intraindustry trade allows countries to benefit from larger markets行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易能使各國(guó)從更大的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模中獲益。D努力 ?Reverse engineering 模仿 ?Informal exchange of information and ideas非正式的信息交流 55 ? External Economies and Increasing Returns外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與收益遞增 ? External economies can give rise to increasing returns to scale at the level of the national 引起國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)水平上的規(guī)模收益遞增 ? Forwardfalling supply curve向下傾斜的供給曲線 ?The larger the industry’s output, the lower the price at which firms are willing to sell their ，廠商銷售的價(jià)格越低。 ?Workers對(duì)工人 ? They are less likely to bee 。 ?The pattern of intraindustry trade itself is unpredictable, whereas that of interindustry trade is determined by underlying differences between ，而行業(yè)間貿(mào)易具有一定預(yù)測(cè)性 ?The relative importance of intraindustry and interindustry trade depends on how similar countries 家之間的相似性。 ?This generates a negative relationship between the price and the number of firms in the market which is the PP curve:可推導(dǎo)出廠商的價(jià)格函數(shù)，如下： P = c + 1/(b x n) (610) ? The more firms there are in the industry, the lower the price each firm will ：行業(yè)中廠商越多，則各廠商的定價(jià)越低，得出一條向下傾斜的曲線。 ? Each firm decides its own actions, taking into account how that decision might influence its rival’s 業(yè)決策時(shí)，充分考慮到其他對(duì)手的行動(dòng)。 ? Internal 內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ?單位成本依賴于單個(gè)企業(yè)規(guī)模而不是行業(yè)規(guī)模。且對(duì)市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生不同的影響。模型不一定在于現(xiàn)實(shí)性，而在于其簡(jiǎn)單性。交點(diǎn)處為行業(yè)的均衡廠商數(shù)。 ? The case study of the North American Auto Pact of 1964 indicates that the gains from creating an integrated industry in two countries can be substantial案例：北美汽車貿(mào)易協(xié)定 ? Gains from intraindustry trade will be large when economies of scale are strong and products are highly 國(guó)從行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易中獲益。 56 ? External Economies and the Patter of Trade外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易模式 ? A country that has large production in some industry will tend to have low costs of producing that 規(guī)模生產(chǎn)具有比較低的成本 ? Countries that start out as large producers in certain industries tend to remain large producers even if some other country could potentially produce the goods more 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)時(shí)，即使當(dāng)其他國(guó)家能更低廉地生產(chǎn)該商品，其也將保持大生產(chǎn)者地位。 ? It is an advantage for:優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯： ?Producers對(duì)生產(chǎn)者 ? They are less likely to suffer from labor 缺的問題。 41 Figure 67: Trade with Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增時(shí)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易 Home本國(guó)資本充裕 (capital abundant) Foreign外國(guó)勞動(dòng)力充裕 (labor abundant) Manufactures