【正文】 e in a World Without Increasing Returns(P130) 不存在規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)世界的貿(mào)易 Home本國資本充裕 (capital abundant) Foreign外國勞動力充裕 (labor abundant) Manufactures制造品 Food糧食 40 ? If manufactures is a monopolistically petitive sector, world trade consists of two parts:如果制造業(yè)是壟斷競爭行業(yè)，則世界貿(mào)易分為兩個部分 ?Intraindustry trade行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易 ? The exchange of manufactures for manufactures制造品與制造品之間的交換。 41 Figure 67: Trade with Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition壟斷競爭和規(guī)模報酬遞增時的國際貿(mào)易 Home本國資本充裕 (capital abundant) Foreign外國勞動力充裕 (labor abundant) Manufactures制造品 Food糧食 Interindustry Trade行業(yè)間貿(mào)易 Intraindustry Trade行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易 42 ? Main differences between interindustry and intraindustry trade:行業(yè)間貿(mào)易與行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的主要差別： ?Interindustry trade reflects parative advantage, whereas intraindustry trade does ，而行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易反映了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢。 43 ? The Significance of Intraindustry Trade行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要性和意義 ? About onefourth of world trade consists of intraindustry 成 ? Intraindustry trade plays a particularly large role in the trade in manufactured goods among advanced industrial nations, which accounts for most of world 達(dá)國家之間的行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易對世界貿(mào)易起了重要作用。 ? The case study of the North American Auto Pact of 1964 indicates that the gains from creating an integrated industry in two countries can be substantial案例：北美汽車貿(mào)易協(xié)定 ? Gains from intraindustry trade will be large when economies of scale are strong and products are highly 國從行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易中獲益。 47 ? The Economics of Dumping傾銷的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析 ? Price discrimination價格歧視 ?The practice of charging different customers different prices對不同的消費(fèi)者制定不同的價格的行為。 ? Example: As of April 2022, the United States had antidumping duties on 265 items from 40 different countries. ? Dumping can occur only if two conditions are met傾銷成立的兩個條件： 必須是不完全競爭的行業(yè) Imperfectly petitive industry 市場分割 Segmented markets ? Given these conditions, a monopolistic firm may find that it is profitable to engage in ，壟斷廠商將會發(fā)現(xiàn)傾銷是有利可圖的。 ? Its welfare effect is ambiguous:其凈財富效應(yīng)是模糊的。 ? There are three main reasons why a cluster of firms may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: 廠商聚集效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的原因 ： Specialized suppliers 專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商 ? Labor market pooling 勞動市場共享 ? Knowledge spillovers 知識外溢 52 ? Specialized Suppliers專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商 ? In many industries, the production of goods and services and the development of new products requires the use of specialized equipment or support ，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)，新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)需要使用專業(yè)設(shè)備和配套服務(wù)。 ?A localized industrial cluster can solve this problem by bringing together many firms that provide a large enough market to support specialized 形成足夠大的市場使專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商得以生存。 ? It is an advantage for:優(yōu)勢明顯： ?Producers對生產(chǎn)者 ? They are less likely to suffer from labor 缺的問題。 54 ? Knowledge Spillovers知識外溢 ? Knowledge is one of the important input factors in highly innovative 高創(chuàng)新行業(yè)的重要投入要素 ? The specialized knowledge that is crucial to success in innovative industries es from專業(yè)知識對于成功創(chuàng)新非常重要，是因為 : ?Research and development efforts Ramp。 56 ? External Economies and the Patter of Trade外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易模式 ? A country that has large production in some industry will tend to have low costs of producing that 規(guī)模生產(chǎn)具有比較低的成本 ? Countries that start out as large producers in certain industries tend to remain large producers even if some other country could potentially produce the goods more 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)時，即使當(dāng)其他國家能更低廉地生產(chǎn)該商品，其也將保持大生產(chǎn)者地位。 67 External Economies and International Trade外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與國際貿(mào)易 57 Figure 69: External Economies and Specialization外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與專業(yè)化 ACSWISS Q1 P1 Price, cost (per watch) Quantity of watches produced and demanded ACTHAI 2 1 C0 D 58 ? Trade and Welfare with External Economies 外部經(jīng)濟(jì)下的貿(mào)易與福利 ? Trade based on external economies has more ambiguous effects on national welfare than either trade based on parative advantage or trade based on economies of scale at the level of the 的貿(mào)易對國家福利的影響比基于比較優(yōu)勢和內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的貿(mào)易更具不確定性。 59 Figure 610: External Economies and Losses from Trade 外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易損失 ACSWISS P1 Price, cost價格和成本 (per watch) Quantity of watches produced and demanded手表的生產(chǎn)量和需求量 ACTHAI 2 1 C0 DTHAI DWORLD P2 60 ? Dynamic Increasing Returns動態(tài)收益遞增 ? Learning curve學(xué)習(xí)曲線 ?It relates unit cost to cumulative 本的關(guān)系 ?It is downward sloping because of the effect of the experience gained though production on 線表明通過生產(chǎn)獲取的經(jīng)驗對生產(chǎn)成本產(chǎn)生影響。《經(jīng)濟(jì)研究》 12期 ? 杜楊：中國行業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的影響因素分析 66 作業(yè) ? P146,