【正文】 3. civilization。 emotion 3. significance: set up new belief for Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faith Robert Browning Robert Browning (18121889) was born in a welloff family amp。 they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth. Charlotte Bronte amp。 notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization amp。 realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield amp。 Great Expectations 《遠大前程》 or 《孤星血淚》 (18601861)。 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》 or 《苦海孤雛》 (18371838)。 wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living amp。 brought forth the People’s charter, in which they demanded basic rights amp。 thought. Great writers amp。 the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view amp。 poverty to the working mass. Critical Realism The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticisma realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral amp。 the decay of the Victorian values. Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science amp。拉奇》 (1841) 2. Period of excitement amp。 in giving them exactly the actions amp。 wit seem inexhaustible. Characterportrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) amp。 outward circumstances amp。 description of nature。 was buried in the Poet’ s Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson. My Last Duchess My Last Duchess is Browning’ s bestknown dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16thcentury Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke’ s speech addressed to the agent who es to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his last duchess, the duke reveals himself as a selfconceited, cruel amp。 socialist Movement。 he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behavior and his relations with others. John Galsworthy(18671933) I. life Born in a rich bourgeois family A representative of bourgeois realism in English novel of 20th century II. work 1. The Island Pharisees 島國的法利賽人 2. The Man of Property 有 產業(yè)的人 3. Forsyte Saga 福爾賽世家 4. The End of the Chapter 尾聲 III. Forsyte Saga(p352356) 1. powerful sweep 2. brilliant illustrations 3. deep psychological analysis 4. satire amp。 prophesy) 2. intensity of vision and passion 3. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization 4. vivid description of her intense feelings VI. Detailreading (Chapter XXIII) Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately amp。 psychological realism. theme of her works As a woman of exceptional intelligence amp。 ③ both criticized the Victorian society satirically. 2. differences: ① D described the mon people, T mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich people. ② D was a sentimentalist. T was a cynic who doubted the goodness of human nature as a spectator. ③ D advocated social reforms, T was not a crusader for good causes. ④ D was a romanticist, T was against all romantic conventions. Gee eliot I. life 1. Gee Eliot (18191880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into an estate agent’ s family in Warwickshire, England. 2. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, amp。 justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem. 5. unnatural happy ending His Literary Creation amp。 David Copperfield 《大衛(wèi) 霧都孤兒 2. David Copperfield。 judgments about the speaker’s personality amp。 strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems amp。English Literature of the Victorian Age 1. The Victorian Period: Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background 1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) 2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 憲章運動 3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859) 4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901) The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. III. Critical Realism 1. definitionEnglish critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. 2. Features: Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude amp。 bitter amp。 hearts. In “l(fā)istening” to those onesided talks, readers can form their own opinions amp。 practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. Charles Dickens (18121870) I. Life: 1. a middle class family 2. once was a child labor in a shoeblacking factory 3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer 4. the poets’ corner II. Major Works 1. Oliver Twist。 Son 《董貝父