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will do it.Oral explanation or memory of each people is not always reliable, therefore, we have to standardize them as Operation standard.It is important not to describe them by imagination.We have to try the job actually to find out essential points of the job, and describe them as the operation standard.Quality control in workshop begins from describing the Operation standard.Operation standard should be corrected when ever better methods are found, or circumstances are changed.Let39。s think about following points.⊙Does the plan really lead to the success in realizing the target?⊙Can you get full cooperation of all people related to your job?⊙Is the concrete countermeasure considered? ⊙Is the system of record and report of the control well planned to know the results and take action?Now, again, let39。如果有必要再提高效果,就繼續(xù)行動(dòng)。品管活動(dòng)之必要性不僅僅在於對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的需求,也在於每個(gè)人發(fā)揮自己的智力,用好的觀念去參與,使自己的工作職場(chǎng)變得更好。但是,假如 100 個(gè)人,每個(gè)人犯 1/100 的錯(cuò),就意味著總共有將近 100% 的錯(cuò)。產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)基本上應(yīng)該是在每個(gè)製程得到保證的。第四章 品質(zhì)保證之基本步驟41 產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)與我們工作之間的關(guān)係每一個(gè)製程都要對(duì)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)負(fù)責(zé)。我們可以把這種分散現(xiàn)象用直方圖表現(xiàn)出來,這樣我們就可以知道在最小值為 1600 小時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值下的不良百分比。為了獲得最大效益,我們必須知道哪些問題是最重要的,進(jìn)而按照優(yōu)先順序來全力解決它們。(如一週檢查一次模具)(4) 建立檢測(cè)和記錄機(jī)制,確保對(duì)於不良要因的監(jiān)控能持續(xù)性地執(zhí)行。要執(zhí)行計(jì)劃,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)保持「旺盛的企圖心」,利用最新的科技選擇「良好的方法」。(確認(rèn))(4) 當(dāng)它們沒有朝著目標(biāo)發(fā)展時(shí),進(jìn)行必要的矯正?!?設(shè)計(jì)處的人員就要研究如何達(dá)到理想產(chǎn)品之技術(shù)方法及材料。4. 並非只顧事物之「結(jié)果」,而是重視其「過程」。如果你能理解此書所描述的品管理論的基本概念,你至少可以解決 80% 的品質(zhì)問題。9. 一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常馬上行動(dòng),找出真正原因再做出因應(yīng)之策。15 每個(gè)人應(yīng)對(duì)他自己的工作負(fù)責(zé)不合格品怎麼產(chǎn)生的?追根究柢,它們是手工製造產(chǎn)品?;仡^來看,要達(dá)到你的工作目的,你的主要管制點(diǎn)是甚麼?22 現(xiàn)況分析與把握我們經(jīng)常做事情沒有深思熟慮,到頭來又後悔缺乏準(zhǔn)備與調(diào)查。如前所述,制定計(jì)劃的時(shí)候就必須確立管理要素。首先,我們必須用雙眼去了解和觀察工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)及實(shí)際之不合格品。例如,我們的汽車煞車失靈就會(huì)有很多原因。能找出原因的一個(gè)最現(xiàn)實(shí)的方法是層別法,當(dāng)某一機(jī)器的軸的直徑超出了範(fàn)圍,且數(shù)據(jù)是兩臺(tái)機(jī)器產(chǎn)生,我們就必須分層地找出與各機(jī)器相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。一個(gè)人的口頭說明和記憶並不總是可信的,因此我們必須規(guī)範(fàn)它們成為“作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)”。我們有時(shí)出錯(cuò)就是因?yàn)闆]有明確的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。48 對(duì)異常現(xiàn)象應(yīng)快速反映在我們?nèi)粘9ぷ髦?,?jīng)常容易注意到異?,F(xiàn)象,但如果它們不直接影響生產(chǎn),經(jīng)常會(huì)被忽略。53 組織編成與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的選任品管領(lǐng)域的活動(dòng)最主要的觀念在於工作職場(chǎng)全體人員的自願(yuàn)參與。希望此書能輔佐你工作職場(chǎng)生動(dòng)的品管活動(dòng)。s observe the fact, and collect the data.In our daily activities there are many cases where we talk and discuss without confirming the fact. Moreover, sometimes it happens that something to be believed as the tact is found that it was not the fact but an opinion of somebody.In such a way, we cannot proceed quality control scientifically and it is difficult to improve quality of products or quality control system.First, we have to watch and observe the workshop and actual defective products by our own eyes.When we get an information of trouble, immediate visit to the workshop is necessary.This action is called, Onthespot confirmation.The scientific approach begins by data and numbers.Let39。44Let39。t1 and if we stratify the data from various points of view, we will be able to find out the most effective causes.Important points are,(1) Stratification is based on causeandeffect diagram.(2) Stratify the data from various points of view.(3) After the stratification, check the difference of dispersion.37Analysis of the data. Part 2. (Scatter diagram, Control chart)(1) Scatter diagram,To know the relationship between cause and effect, (for example, relationship between torque of air driver and air pressure,) it is convenient to draw a scatterDiagram, plotting data of the cause on the horizontal axe, data of the effect on the vertical axe. We can see the relationship clearly, and it is helpful to solve the problem.(2) Control chart,Dispersion includes types of causes. One is inevitable cause, (like dispersion caused by ordinary machine.) and another is unusual cause. (Like dispersion caused by different quality of the material.)We have to control the latter, and find the variation of these causes by control chart. Let39。39。根據(jù)組織的情況建議一團(tuán)或幾團(tuán)開一次會(huì),最好離下次會(huì)議的時(shí)間不要太長,以免影響活動(dòng)的順利開展?!?如果發(fā)現(xiàn)異?,F(xiàn)象,追溯並找出真正原因。但是如果這些機(jī)器操作條件不對(duì),同樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的不合格品,簡單的模治具用久了、磨耗了,也很可能產(chǎn)生大量的不合格品。要達(dá)到第三個(gè)步驟或是成為一個(gè)專業(yè)作業(yè)員,嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練確實(shí)有其必要性。(3) 分層後,檢查其分散之不同點(diǎn)。35 品質(zhì)總是有分佈性的我們一直都在生產(chǎn)大批的產(chǎn)品、元件和材料。收集數(shù)據(jù)的話,我們須備有“查檢表”,可分為下列兩種類型:(1) 記錄用查檢表 用以記錄實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)和不合格品數(shù),或根據(jù)項(xiàng)目來分類。我們必須採取長久的對(duì)策來避免類似問題的發(fā)生。單獨(dú)制定目標(biāo)就像體育運(yùn)動(dòng)之目標(biāo),要把我們的具體情況同對(duì)手的最高記錄作比較,為達(dá)到或明確其他對(duì)手的最高記錄,我們要正確地制定更高目標(biāo)。例如:當(dāng)我們問及生產(chǎn)課的人,“你們部門的問題是甚麼?”他們通常會(huì)這樣回答:“我們有很多的的問題,例如零件不良、設(shè)計(jì)不良導(dǎo)致於組裝困難。競爭市場(chǎng)不斷湧現(xiàn)新的優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品。2. 品質(zhì)管理必須從上到下全體人員都確實(shí)意識(shí)到「品質(zhì)乃企業(yè)之生命」。內(nèi)容:品質(zhì)管理的三大基本原則品質(zhì)管理實(shí)踐的十原則第一章、品質(zhì)管理進(jìn)程 11正崴公司的基本經(jīng)營理念與職責(zé)12優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品13滿足社會(huì)的需求14品質(zhì)管理是全員的責(zé)任15每個(gè)人應(yīng)對(duì)他自己的工作負(fù)責(zé)第二章、如何達(dá)成目標(biāo)21管理循環(huán)PDCA 22現(xiàn)況的分析與把握23目標(biāo)的清楚設(shè)定24 90%達(dá)成度計(jì)畫之制訂 25計(jì)畫的執(zhí)行26結(jié)果的確認(rèn)與再評(píng)估27防止問題再犯的 4 大步驟第三章、根據(jù)事實(shí)/數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)方法是品質(zhì)管理的根本態(tài)度31觀察事實(shí),蒐集數(shù)據(jù)32如何蒐集數(shù)據(jù)33重點(diǎn)性,效果性的分析法(柏拉圖)34特性要因分析35品質(zhì)總是有分佈性的36分析資料(一)層別法37分析資料(二)散佈圖,管制圖第四章、品質(zhì)保證的基本步驟41產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)與我們工作之間的關(guān)係42作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn))43充分的教育訓(xùn)練44在製程中建立品質(zhì)45瞭解檢查的基本功能46模治具、設(shè)備與檢驗(yàn)儀器的管理47「防呆」觀念的提昇48對(duì)異?,F(xiàn)象應(yīng)快速反應(yīng)第五章、品管圈活動(dòng)的展開51建立人性化的工作職場(chǎng)52QC手法與品管圈的關(guān)係53組織編成與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的選任54設(shè)定目標(biāo)與活動(dòng)展開55歸納與發(fā)表品質(zhì)管理的三大基本原則:1. 所謂品質(zhì)者乃是「因應(yīng)顧客需求,提供令人滿意之商品」,這是「企業(yè)之生命」。(3) 交貨迅速△ 新產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)先△ 充分滿足客戶的的需求△ 穩(wěn)定交貨數(shù)量,沒有過剩的產(chǎn)品13 滿足社會(huì)之需求世界各地人民的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和思考方式,隨著時(shí)間的變動(dòng)而不斷地在改變。讓我們共同努力來保證我們工作的成果吧。制定目標(biāo)要與公司的政策和目標(biāo)相關(guān),有時(shí)也為改善工作職場(chǎng),而單獨(dú)制定目標(biāo)。27 防止問題再犯的四大步驟多數(shù)的問題在我們部門的人來說,都是經(jīng)歷過的。開始新的工作前,有必要準(zhǔn)備好收集資料之體系,因?yàn)樵紨?shù)據(jù)比分析更為重要。特性要因圖對(duì)我們找出問題原因,組織好相互聯(lián)繫關(guān)係有很大幫助。(2) 從不同角度分層取數(shù)據(jù)。43 充分的教育訓(xùn)練“你知道怎樣焊錫嗎?”“你知道焊錫不良是何時(shí)及怎樣產(chǎn)生的嗎?”“你能否完美而無缺陷的作好銲錫?”要把事情做得完美需有三個(gè)步驟“知道(To know)”、“懂(To understand)”、及“能做(To be able to)”。今天、通過電氣設(shè)計(jì)之機(jī)器被廣泛地自動(dòng)化操作?!?如果發(fā)現(xiàn)異常現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)馬上向上司報(bào)告。剛開始的時(shí)候,最好從日常熟悉的問題中選擇目標(biāo),如“預(yù)防零件掉落”,以便較容易同他們合作。s make an effort to assure the results of our own job.For exampleWhen we ask to somebody in production section, What is the problem in your section? Usually he will reply 39。1stratification39。s build the quality in the process.Some says, Our products are very reliable because of severe inspection. Is it correct?It is a great loss to select defective products by severe inspection after producing certain number of defective products. First, we have to make an effort to establish a system not to produce defective products.Moreover, there are some products whose characteristics will not allow to be selected by total inspection, like explosive power of the bomb.Basically, the quality o