【正文】 When your cargo is stuffed into a container, it is hauled to the container yard to be loaded on board the ship according to the stowage plan. When it is done, the First Mate would sign a Mate’s Receipt. 貨物裝箱后，集裝箱就被運(yùn)往堆場，按照積載圖來進(jìn)行裝船。亨利首先，采購有助于決定公司的成本結(jié)構(gòu)。On the one hand, capital cost increases with the lot size. On the other hand, the interest accrues on the capital invested in the carrying inventory, which is, in many cases, puted according to the prime interest rate or a specified rate pegged to the prime interest.一方面本金隨著批量大小而改變；另一方面，利息隨著投資在存貨上的本金的多少而增減，而大多數(shù)情況下，存貨是根據(jù)主要利息率或指定利息率計(jì)算的。Shopping products are those for which consumers are willing to seek and pare: paring in many locations the price, quality, and performance, and making a purchase only after careful deliberation.購買型產(chǎn)品是消費(fèi)者愿意到處尋尋覓覓，比較價(jià)格、質(zhì)量和性能，三思之后才作出購買決定的產(chǎn)品。Specialty products are those for which buyers are willing to expend a substantial effort and often to wait a significant amount of time in order to acquire them.特殊產(chǎn)品是指買家愿意花費(fèi)大量精力并為了獲得它們可以忍受很長的等待時間的產(chǎn)品。The lot sizing concept balances the cost of maintaining inventories against the cost of ordering. The key to understanding the relationship is to remember that average inventory is equal to onehalf the order quantity. The larger the order quantity, the fewer orders required per planning period and, consequently, the lower the total ordering cost. Lot quantity formulations identify the precise quantities at which the annual bined total cost of ordering and maintenance is lowest for a given sales volume.
批量大小的概念平衡了維持庫存的成本和降低訂購成本的矛盾，理解他們的關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵是要記住平均庫存數(shù)等于訂購數(shù)量的二分之一。Second, good purchasing practices avoid operational problems.第二，良好的采購實(shí)踐避免了營運(yùn)上的問題。福特設(shè)想建立一個自給自足的工業(yè)帝國。裝好之后，大副要在大副收據(jù)上簽字。At the same time, the shipping pany will make out a stowage plan for the ship.與此同時，船公司將做出整艘船的積載圖。Ford Motor Company is a case in point. Henry Ford envisaged a totally selfsufficient industrial empire.福特汽車公司是一個很好的例子。Purchasing contributes to the firm’s efficiency and effectiveness in many ways. First, it helps to determine a firm’s cost structure.采購的許多方面有利于提高公司的工作效率和工作效果。課文內(nèi)容精講Unit 4Logistics StrategyInventory is viewed as playing a role in the valueadded process. This does not mean the more you have in the form of inventory, the richer you are.在增值過程中庫存被人們認(rèn)為起著重要作用，這并不意味著以庫存的形式存放的貨物越多，你就越富。Convenience products are those goods and services that consumers purchase frequently, immediately, and with little parative shopping.便利型產(chǎn)品是指消費(fèi)者需要經(jīng)常、及時購買并且不十分需要比較差價(jià)的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。The 80/20 concept is derived from the fact that the bulk of the sales are generated from relatively few products in the product line. This simply means 80 percent of a firm’s sales are generated by 20 percent of the product line items. An exact 8020 ratio is rarely observed, but the disproportionality between sales and the number of items is generally true.8020概念是說銷售量中的大部分來自生產(chǎn)線上種類相對少的產(chǎn)品。每次訂購的量越大，每個訂購計(jì)劃周期內(nèi)訂購次數(shù)就越少。Without effective purchasing practices, operations in a firm may be disrupted, customer service levels may fall, and longterm customer relationship may be damaged. Before any product can be manufactured, supplies meeting certain conditions must be available. Fortunately, progressive managers have recognized these potential contributions of purchasing and have taken the necessary steps to ensure results.缺乏富有成效的采購，公司的運(yùn)作就會陷入混亂，客戶服務(wù)水平也會下降，長期的客戶關(guān)系就會受損。Ford’s objective was control. To achieve this goal, he set out to develop the world’s first plex vertically integrated firm.福特的目標(biāo)就是要控制。You can now take the Bill of Lading together with all the documents required to the negotiating bank to exchange for money from the buyer.現(xiàn)在你就可以拿著提單連同信用證要求的所有單證去議付行換取買方的貨款。Then, when the shipping pany accepts your spacebooking, you will receive a Container Load Plan in due course.然后，如果船公司接受了訂艙，到時候你就會收到裝箱單。Supply chain management means the design, planning and control of the information flow, movements of goods and money with a view to strengthening petitiveness.供應(yīng)鏈管理指為了增強(qiáng)競爭力而對信息流通、貨物移動和貨幣的流通進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、策劃和控制。然而供應(yīng)鏈管理概念的出現(xiàn)使許多管理人員從采購所起到的戰(zhàn)略性作用中受到啟發(fā)。JIT service can help to reduce inventory cost.準(zhǔn)時制服務(wù)可以節(jié)省庫存開銷。根據(jù)消費(fèi)者挑選產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的三種不同方式以及從哪里購買這些產(chǎn)品，消費(fèi)品可分為便利型產(chǎn)品，購買型產(chǎn)品和特殊產(chǎn)品三種。也就是說，公司銷售量的80%是由20%的產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此整個訂購成本就越少。任何產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)之前，符合相關(guān)條件的各種供應(yīng)物必須到位。要達(dá)到這一目的，他開始發(fā)展世界上首家機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、垂直一體化的綜合性公司。課文內(nèi)容精講Unit 10ThirdParty LogisticsSupply chain management is the process that integrates coordinates and controls the movements of materials, finished inventory and related information from suppliers through panies to meet consumer requirement.供應(yīng)鏈管理是一個整合、協(xié)調(diào)和控制原料運(yùn)輸、制成品存貨和來自供應(yīng)商的相關(guān)信息以滿足消費(fèi)者需求的過程。When you need to send cargo to a buyer overseas according to a sales contract, you must book space on a ship either by yourself or via a freight forwarder.當(dāng)你需要根據(jù)銷售合同向海外的買方發(fā)貨的時候，你必須自己或是通過貨運(yùn)代理來向船方訂艙。課文內(nèi)容精講Unit 8Suppl