【正文】 雖然不是在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的巨大的商業(yè)鍛造業(yè)，它是一個(gè)巨人的貢獻(xiàn)我們的生活和我們的國(guó)防的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在早期的鍛造天是塑造金屬加熱和錘擊的過(guò)程。這些過(guò)程，這是熱激活，導(dǎo)致一個(gè)流動(dòng)應(yīng)力，應(yīng)變率和溫度，以及依賴于應(yīng)變。這代表了范圍廣泛的組織工程材料的一個(gè)巨大的家庭及相關(guān)性質(zhì)。Pressworking operations have increased dramatically over the last few years, but like many other manufacturing operations, the existing technology has sometimes failed to keep pace with the changing applications. One area where this is especially true is die bending. 在過(guò)去的幾年里壓力加工行業(yè)日益昌盛，但像許多其他制造業(yè)務(wù)一樣，現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)有時(shí)無(wú)法跟上不斷變化的應(yīng)用的步伐。需要的超塑性行為的總體特征的處理變量在本節(jié)進(jìn)行了介紹。Ac1ferritethedepositionthatfinedisperselowerdeposesequilibriumiscooling.The precious metals include gold, iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium，ruthenium，and silver. Excellent corrosion resistance bined with various inherent properties justify the many costly applications of these metals and alloys．Gold circuit in the electronics industry, various dental alloys, and platinum coatings for catalytic converters are a few of the better, known examples.貴重金屬包括金、銥、鋨、鈀、鉑、銠、釕和銀。熱處理時(shí)添加2wt％的鈹元素，產(chǎn)生的CuBe沉淀相使其拉伸強(qiáng)度可超過(guò)1000MPaNickel alloys have much in mon with copper alloys．We have already used the CuNi system as the classic example of plete solid solubility. Monel is the name given to mercial alloys with NiCu ratios of roughly 2:1 by weight. These are good examples of solution hardening. Nickel is harder than copper, but Monel is harder than nickel. 鎳合金比銅合金更普通。一旦形成鈦合金，鈦的活性顯現(xiàn)出其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Generalpurpose plain steels are not alloyed．Some alloying elements may sometimes be present in them occasionally and their content（含量） is limited．非特殊用途/一般用途的普通鋼不是合金鋼。這種情況下，用戶只需要求材料應(yīng)有的機(jī)械性能，而不必保證其成分。電導(dǎo)率、易加工以及好的外觀也是其具有吸引力的特征。優(yōu)良的熱導(dǎo)率使其應(yīng)用于散熱器和熱交換器上。Lead alloys are durable and versatile materials. The lead pipes installed by the Romans at the public baths in Bath, England, nearly 2000 years ago are still in use. Lead’s high density and deformability bined with a low melting point adds to its versatility．Lead alloys find use in battery grids (alloyed with calcium or antimony), solders (alloyed with tin), radiation shielding，and sound control structures. The toxicity of lead restricts design applications and the handling of its alloys.鉛合金是耐用的多功能材料。ofrecrystallizationisorbyincreasingthetakesolidisafterofcooling對(duì)于超塑性流動(dòng)特性完整的特征，但是，應(yīng)變誘導(dǎo)硬化的特性是必要的。由于金屬鍵，金屬塑性變形能力和自我強(qiáng)化的塑性變形。只有在性能如強(qiáng)度高、耐蝕性能提高的改進(jìn)證明他們是必不可少的。最近的注意力已經(jīng)通過(guò)保留在熱加工材料的子結(jié)構(gòu)在強(qiáng)度增加。但鍛造的真正含義，可以更清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到考慮多種方式服務(wù)人類(lèi)和鍛造件，提供設(shè)計(jì)，采購(gòu)和使用它們的重要特征。鍛件產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程中，如舊的古代，是為明天的新。因?yàn)閹缀跛械慕饘倏梢詡卧?，鋁鋯廣泛的組合，機(jī)械和物理性能可滿足要求苛刻的太空時(shí)代的應(yīng)用程序。最后，他們確定的熱作產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)。的組合物的5重量%的總的非碳的加入將作為低合金高合金鋼之間的邊界。所有非金屬離子和共價(jià)鍵。在在超塑性成形中，這種“應(yīng)變硬化”被認(rèn)為是主要與晶粒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)生有關(guān)。ataAC3Inplete(doesisis.Ac3,ferrite,annealedAc3,recrystallization其(鋅合金)應(yīng)用于典型的汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)零件及硬度高的零件。Copper alloys possess a number of superior properties. Their excellent electrical conductivity makes copper alloys the leading material for electrical wiring. Their excellent thermal conductivity leads to applications for radiators and heat exchangers. Superior corrosion resistance is exhibited in marine and other corrosion environments. 銅合金也擁有許多優(yōu)良的性能。我們將簡(jiǎn)要介紹幾種非鐵合金及其主要特征。 In the RSSU．Plain carbon steels are classified into three groups：A, B and C，depending on their application. 在RSSU中，普通碳鋼根據(jù)其用途分為A、B、C三類(lèi)。The presence of silicon and manganese may be due to the steel—making process(the necessity of deoxidation脫氧)．Surphur（硫）and phosphorus（磷） are harmful impurities（雜質(zhì)） in steel and their content should be minimized as it may affect the quality of steel． 在鋼冶煉過(guò)程中由于脫氧的需要，會(huì)出現(xiàn)硅和錳?！扳g化性”將在后面詳細(xì)討論。比例接近2：1的Ni －Cu商業(yè)合金稱之為蒙乃爾合金。金線用于電子工業(yè)、各種假牙合金，催化轉(zhuǎn)爐中的鉑金層是少數(shù)眾所周知的例子。heatingpartialitsheatingferrite再緩慢冷卻,奧氏體分解為鐵素體+滲碳體在Ar1。hard.precipitationthesolutionabovecementite). Ar1點(diǎn)降低,鐵素體滲碳體的混合物變得越來(lái)越細(xì)小和堅(jiān)硬。then然而，由于這是一個(gè)高度應(yīng)變敏