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納米二氧化鈦粉體制備工藝及其性能研究_畢業(yè)論文初稿(專業(yè)版)

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【正文】 同時(shí)還要感謝實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中陶峰博士、陳志浩博士、劉明朗老師及陳偉、張孟、陳靜等幾位研究生的幫助和指導(dǎo)!并且感謝銀橋科貿(mào)有限公司對我們試驗(yàn)原材料的支持!謝謝你們! 附錄 A 外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 Effect of pH on TiO2 nanoparticles via sol gel method Siti Aida Ibrahim, and Srimala Sreekantan Abstract― A series of titania nanoparticles was successfully synthesized via sol gel method using titanium tetraisopropoxide as a precursor. In this paper, data concerning the effect of pH towards the development of TiO2 nanoparticles is reported. The samples were characterised by xray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD results showed the existence of nanocrystalline anatase phases with crystallite size ranging from 714 nm. Surface morphological studies obtain from SEM micrograph showed the particles with rodlike shape are rutile while the spherical shapes are anatase in nature. It was also found the pH of the solution affect the agglomeration of the particles. Results of photocatalytic studies exhibits that titania powder prepared at pH 9 has an excellent photocatalytic activity with degradation % within 60 minutes. Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, sol gel, photocatalytic Ⅰ INTRODUCTION ITANIA ( TiO2) nanoparticles is a promising materials and widely used in many applications due to its high photocatalytic activity [1,2] , excellent gassensitive properties [3] and dielectric properties [4]. Crystalline titania has three modification phases which are rutile (tetragonal, P42 /mnm), anatase (tetragonal, I41/amd) and brookite (orthorhombic, Pcab). Anatasetype TiO2 has excellent photocatalytic activity and widely used as catalysts for deposition of a wide variety of anic and inanic pollutants. Many methods have been established for titania synthesis such as solgel technique [58], hydrothermal method [5,9], chemical vapor deposition [10] , direct oxidation and others. Among them, the solgel technique is one of the most used methods due to its possibility of deriving unique metastable structure at low reaction temperatures and excellent chemical homogeinity. In sol gel processes, TiO2 is usually prepared by the reactions of hydrolysis and polycondensation of titanium alkoxide, (TiOR)n to form oxopolymers, which are transformed into anoxide work. These reactions can be schematically represented as follows: Hydrolysis: M(OR)n+H2O→M(OR) n1(OH)+ROH (1) Condensation Dehydration: M(OR)n+M(OR)n1→M 2O(OR)2n2+ROH (2) Dealcoholation: 2M(OR)n1(OH) →M 2O(OR)2n2+H2O (3) the overall reaction is M(OR)n+H2O→MO n/2+nROH (4) where M= Si, Ti, Zr, etc and R = alkyl group. The relative rates of hydrolysis and polycondensation strongly affected the structure and properties of metal oxides. Factors that crucial in the formation of metal oxides includes reactivity of metal alkoxides, water to alkoxides ratio, pH of reaction medium, nature of solvent and additives and reaction temperature. By varying these process parameters, materials with different surface chemistry and microstructure can be obtained. Typically, in sol gel method, the solgel derived precipitates are amorphous in nature. Therefore, it is require for further heat treatment to induce crystallization. To induce transition from amorphous to anatase phase, generally an annealing temperature higher than 300 176。010 020 030 040 050 0Intensity(Counts)[ z hao x unn aT O 4. ra w ] 4 7[ z hao x unn aT O 5. ra w ] 4 7[ z hao x unn aT O 6. ra w ] 1 2038 6 1 1 5 7 A n a t a s e T i 0 . 7 2 O 2( d )( e )( f ) 圖 38 不同 PH 值溶液制備樣品的 XRD 衍射圖譜 ( d) 、( e) 、( f) 圖 38 是不同 PH 值溶液制備的二氧化鈦樣品的 XRD 圖譜。、 176。010 020 030 040 050 060 070 0Intensity(Counts)[ z hao x unn a T O 12 . ra w ] 472 1 1 2 7 2 A n a t a s e T i O 2 圖 43 煅燒溫度為 600℃條件下制備樣品 TO12 的 XRD 衍射圖譜 從以上圖中可以看出 ,不同煅燒溫度條件下制備的納米二氧化鈦微粉試樣的主要的強(qiáng)峰均為 Anatase-銳鈦礦( 101) ,證明在溶液 PH 值為 , 400~600℃煅 燒時(shí)的產(chǎn)物晶體結(jié)構(gòu)為純銳鈦型,此溫度段制備的銳鈦礦型純度非常高。本試驗(yàn)通過其衍射圖樣分析了制備的粉體的物相分析,并通過衍 射峰值討論了其不同的條件下的結(jié)晶性,并且可以通過謝樂公式 Dc = /(B cos θ)計(jì)算其平均顆粒大小。 冰乙酸與 Ti(OC4H9)4 在分子水平發(fā)生了反應(yīng) ,反應(yīng)首先 生成大量的 (CH3COO)nTi(OC4H9)4 n 聚 合物 , 生成的(CH3COO)nTi(OC4H9)4 n 比 Ti(OC4H9)4 水解、縮聚功能差 ,聚合物在水中進(jìn)一步發(fā)生水解縮聚反應(yīng) , 因此加入冰醋酸可以控制鈦醇鹽的水解反應(yīng)速率 ,從而得到穩(wěn)定透明的溶膠。反應(yīng)中將幾種不同的反應(yīng)物配成的微乳液混合在一起反應(yīng)完畢后,采用離心或加入水和丙酮混合物使粉體從微乳液中分離出來,然后將得到的粉體洗滌干燥,在一定溫度下經(jīng)過熱處理即得到所需的納米粉體。 ( 2)改性劑 由于納米二氧化鈦的獨(dú)特性質(zhì),將其填充在其它材料中,可起到意想不到的效果。 The structure of TiO6units: (a)copoint (b)coborder 表 列出了二氧化鈦三種晶型由 Xray 衍射數(shù)據(jù)得到的晶胞參數(shù)和晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的空間對稱性。其制作簡單、操作方便、條件易控、產(chǎn)品均一性良好、純度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為目前納米 TiO2 的常用的制備方法之一。 結(jié)晶二氧化鈦有三種改性晶相分別為金紅石型(四方, P42/mnm) ,銳鈦礦型(四方, I41/amd)和板鈦礦型 (斜方晶系, Pcab)。在眾多的光催化材料中納米級TiO2以其無毒、催化活性高、穩(wěn)定性好的優(yōu)點(diǎn),成功的吸引了人們的眼球,使其成為研究最多,應(yīng)用廣泛的半導(dǎo)體材料。 納米二氧化鈦的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和基本性質(zhì) 二 氧化鈦有很多種晶相,其中最主要的是銳鈦礦相( Anatase)、板鈦礦相( Brookite)和金紅石相( Rutile);銳鈦礦相和板鈦礦相均屬亞穩(wěn)態(tài),經(jīng)焙燒都可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉€(wěn)定的金紅石相。 納米二氧化鈦在其它方面的應(yīng)用 ( 1)超親水性的應(yīng)用 在光照條件下,納米二氧化鈦通過表面結(jié)構(gòu)的改變可以使與水的接觸角減小到 5 度以下,因而具有表面超親水效應(yīng)。溶膠 凝膠法制備納米粉體因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品的純度較高、均勻、合成溫度低、設(shè)備簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn),應(yīng)用較廣,缺點(diǎn)是通常采用的鈦醇鹽價(jià)格較高、后期熱處理過程中因凝膠成粉體積收縮劇烈易引起團(tuán)聚現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。 表 21 納米微粒的表征方法 表征的方法 表征的內(nèi)容 TEM(透射電鏡) 微粒的形狀、平均粒徑、粒徑分布,測得到的是顆粒度 BET吸附法 比表面積、孔容、孔徑 XRD( X射線衍射法)謝樂公式 晶體結(jié)構(gòu),測得到的是晶粒度及物相 差熱分析儀、熱重分析儀 晶型轉(zhuǎn)變溫度及表面吸附物的脫附與分解機(jī)理 X射線熒光光譜儀 化學(xué)成分 XPS( X射線光電子能譜法) 表面組成 本實(shí)驗(yàn)以鈦酸四丁酯為前驅(qū)物 , 無水乙醇為溶劑 , 冰醋酸為螯合劑 (又稱 抑制劑 ), 濃鹽酸 為催化劑 ,采用溶膠 凝膠法制備納米二氧化鈦 。通過衍射方法測定晶體的結(jié)構(gòu),能夠詳細(xì)了解晶體的對稱性、晶體內(nèi)部三維空間中原子排布情況、晶體中分子的結(jié)構(gòu)式、立體構(gòu)型、鍵長、鍵角等數(shù)據(jù) [7]。 Anatase(101)Anatase(103)Anatase(004)Anatase(112)Anatase(200)Anatase(105)Anatase(211)Anatase(213)Anatase(204)Anata
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