【正文】 ..................................................23 Monitoring Progress in AI .................................................................................................................................................23 Federal Support for AI Research ......................................................................................................................................25 Workforce Development and Diversity ...........................................................................................................................26 AI, Automation, and the Economy .....................................................................................................................................29 Fairness, Safety, and Governance ..........................................................................................................................................30 Justice, Fairness, and Accountability ...............................................................................................................................30 Safety and Control ..............................................................................................................................................................32 Global Considerations and Security ......................................................................................................................................35 International Cooperation ..................................................................................................................................................35 AI and Cybersecurity .........................................................................................................................................................36 AI in Weapon Systems .......................................................................................................................................................37 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................39 Remendations in this Report ............................................................................................................................................40 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................................................43 References .....................................................................................................................................................................................45 PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1 Executive Summary As a contribution toward preparing the United States for a future in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a growing role, we survey the current state of AI, its existing and potential applications, and the questions that are raised for society and public policy by progress in AI. We also make remendations for specific further actions by Federal agencies and other actors. A panion document called the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan lays out a strategic plan for Federallyfunded research and development in AI. Applications of AI for Public Good One area of great optimism about AI and machine learning is their potential to improve people‘s lives by helping to solve some of the world‘s greatest challenges and inefficiencies. Many have pared the promise of AI to the transformative impacts of advancements in mobile puting. Public and private sector investments in basic and applied Ramp。D is managed through the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program, and supported primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA). Major national research efforts such as the National Strategic Computing Initiative, the Big Data Initiative, and the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative also contribute indirectly to the progress of AI research. The current and projected benefits of AI technology are large, adding to the Nation‘s economic vitality and to the productivity and wellbeing of its people. A panion document lays out a strategic plan for Federallyfunded research and development in AI. As a contribution toward preparing the United States for a future in which AI plays a growing role, we survey the current state of AI, its existing and potential applications, and the questions that progress in AI raise for society and public policy. We also make remendations for specific further actions by Federal agencies and other actors. A Brief History of AI Endowing puters with humanlike intelligence has been a dream of puter experts since the dawn of electronic puting. Although the term ―Artificial Intelligence‖ was not coined until 1956, the roots of the field go back to at least the 1940s,3 and the idea of AI was crystalized in Alan Turing‘s famous 1950 paper, ―Computing Machinery and Intelligence.‖ Turing‘s paper posed the question: ―Can machines think?‖ It also proposed a test for answering that question,4 and raised the possibility that a machine might be programmed to learn from experience much as a young child does. In the ensuing decades, the field of AI went through ups and downs as some AI research problems proved more difficult than anticipated and others proved insurmountable with the technologies of the time. It wasn‘t until the late 1990s that research progress in A