【正文】 which the protagonist and a ghostdoppelganger live alternate American and European lives。s choice of subject and method of treatment. He maintained that the widest possible freedom in content and approach would help ensure narrative fiction39。s prose: James the First, James the Second, and The Old Pretender[21] and observers do often group his works of fiction into three periods. In his apprentice years, culminating with the masterwork The Portrait of a Lady, his style was simple and direct (by the standards of Victorian magazine writing) and he experimented widely with forms and methods, generally narrating from a conventionally omniscient point of view. Plots generally concern romance, except for the three big novels of social mentary that conclude this period. In the second period, as noted above, he abandoned the serialized novel and from 1890 to about 1897, he wrote short stories and plays. Finally, in his third and last period he returned to the long, serialized novel. Beginning in the second period, but most noticeably in the third, he increasingly abandoned direct statement in favor of frequent double negatives, and plex descriptive imagery. Single paragraphs began to run for page after page, in which an initial noun would be succeeded by pronouns surrounded by clouds of adjectives and prepositional clauses, far from their original referents, and verbs would be deferred and then preceded by a series of adverbs. The overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer. In its intense focus on the consciousness of his major characters, James39。 Darcy, on the other hand, has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable, but is also proud and overbearing.[4] Kitty, rescued from Lydia39。s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.Realism: Some artists favor the portrayal of things as they really appear and subject matter such as wildlife, the human figure, or a seascape can be a moving experience.Transcendentalism is defined as a movement in nineteenthcentury American literature and thought. It called on people to view the objects in the world as small versions of the whole universe and to trust their individual intuitions. There are many different interpretations for the meaning of transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is all about being you, and speaking your mind. Transcendentalism is about the child, and molding their minds. Transcendentalism is anticonformity and proindividualism. Transcendentalism is a literary, philosophical, and cultural movement that began in New England in the mid 19th century. The theories of transcendentalism were espoused and encouraged by writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The ministers Frederick Henry Hedge and Theodore Parker were important transcendentalists, as was Sophia Peabody, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s wife.Many critics take the novel39。 they persecute the heroes and obstruct their every move and actionPositivepositive characters are always people with natural, unpreserved feelings, and though “for the sake of appearance”, and to make them acceptable to the 18? century reader, Joseph Andrews, the manservant, and Tome Jones, the foundling, are eventually give parents of noble descent, still they have nothing aristocratic about them, and in their feelings and behavior, remain closely related to the mon peopleFielding’s satireHe hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under a mask of morality. In the evolution of the plots of his novels, he invariably puts such characters in position which tear away their mask. He displays almost savage pleasure in making them ridiculous.Joseph AndrewsCommentsFielding’s best work: Amelia is the story of a good life in contrast with an unworthy husbandDescriptionJoseph Andrews, was inspired by the success of Richardson’s novel Pamela, and began as a burlesque of the false sentimentality and the conventional virtues of Richardson’s heroine(PamelaRichardsonRichardson, who has no humor, who minces words, and moralizes, and dotes on the sentimental woes of his heroinesFieldingFielding is direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity. He is full of animal spirits, and he tells the story of a vagabond life, not for the sake of moralizing, like Defoe, but simply because it interests him and his only concerns is “to laugh men out of their follies.”So his story, though it abounds in unpleasant incidents, generally leaves the reader with the strong impression of reality.Jonathan SwiftThe eighteenth century in English literature is an age of prose, but because the poetry is very bad but because the prose is very good. Writer’s positionThe supreme master in the first part of the century, the name of Jonathan Swift is one of the very greatest names in English literatureGulliver’s Travels’ positionThe book is a classic and devastating satire on the human race.Gulliver’s Travels’ powerThe secret of the power is that there is no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice。 but as a whole Endymion is chaotic, and cloyed with ornament. Nobody knew better than Keats himself.Great odes including On Melancholy, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, and To a Nightingale had done wonders in deepening and strengthening his gift. In turning from Spenser and Ariosto the great masculine poets of the seventeenth century, Shakespeare, Webster, Milton, and Dryden, he had found the iron which was lacking in his earlier intellectual food, and had learned the lessons of artistic calmness and severity, without sacrifice of the mellow sweetness native to him。 both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.[8]A major theme in much of Austen39。s speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character39。s objectivity to Shakespeare39