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英語應(yīng)用文寫作一、寫作基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)(更新版)

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【正文】 l feel tied. We should know that our capacity(容量 ) is limited. Our mind also needs relaxation, without which we could bee sluggish(行動(dòng)遲緩的 ). We should always remember that we are human beings, and that we need playing and amusements to make our life fuller. This paragraph is about the limit of 是 Topic Sentence .主題句位于句首。 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 (Unity) 一個(gè)好的段落通常只有一個(gè)中心思想。達(dá)到連貫性的一個(gè)重要策略是使用合適的連接詞。 t。 Example 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings; however until the 1960s, getting there was only a dream. Although some thought that people could never reach the moon, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar(月亮的 )surface in 1969. After that moon landings have bee routine(日常事務(wù) )to the general public. 經(jīng)過兩段的比較可以看出, 加了連接詞的段落,段落內(nèi)句與句之間銜接和諧、條理清晰、層次分明、通順流暢。再如: Sample 1 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 An educated man is a tolerant寬容的 man. He respects the opinions of his friends. For example, Dr. Reynolds likes old things. He likes old enjoys old books. He owns old furniture. Some people don’t like any old thing . They don’t like old paintings. They don’t enjoy old books. They always buy modern furniture. Dr. Reynolds never criticizes them. He respects people’s differences. He understands human nature. He is a wise and kind man. 這種“主題句加例證” 的寫作格式是取得統(tǒng)一性的常用方法。作者采用的是 “ 從一般到具體 ” 的寫作方法。 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 段落的組成和特征 (Basic Structure of a Paragraph) 一個(gè)核心的英語段落一般由一個(gè)主題句 (topic sentence)、若干個(gè)支持句或擴(kuò)展句 (supporting sentence或 developing sentence)構(gòu)成 , 有的還有關(guān)聯(lián)句( transitional sentence)和結(jié)論句( concluding sentence)。因此,語段是一個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的較大語義單位,既與上下語段相關(guān)聯(lián),又與上下語段相區(qū)別。 例如 “ I have a dream that one day…” 。 a. The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help. 應(yīng)該為: In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 ④ 不定式短語開頭。 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 同步練習(xí) 1. The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age. The chairman will retire next year. woman who is dressed in black over there is the person who is now in charge of our sales department. The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 ( Parallelism) 在一個(gè)句子中,有幾個(gè)表達(dá)相近或相對(duì)意義的并列成分時(shí),應(yīng)該使用詞性一致的排比結(jié)構(gòu),這就是寫作中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)原則。 they should do something about it. 應(yīng)改為: The pollution in this area is serious。例如: a. Some people can not distinguish between colors .they are said to be colorblinded. 此句將其中一句改成定語從句 應(yīng)該為 : Some people who can not distinguish between colors are said to be colorblinded. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 b. He found the kitchen window open. He put a ladder against the window. He climbed in. 此句子可改為: Finding the kitchen window open, he put a ladder against it and climbed in. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 (3) 隨意轉(zhuǎn)換。以下幾種情況妨礙文章的清晰,影響讀者的理解。那么如何寫出好句子即有效句子呢?應(yīng)遵循以下幾點(diǎn): 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 1. 完整的句子 (Completeness) 2. 清晰的句子 (Clarity) 3. 簡(jiǎn)潔的句子 (Conciseness) 4. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)的句子 ( Parallelism) 5. 靈活多變的句子 (Variety) 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 (Completeness) 一個(gè)完整的句子既包括結(jié)構(gòu)上的完整,也包括意義上的完整。 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 本書在編寫過程中參閱了大量的國(guó)內(nèi)外出版的寫作教程?!睘榱私o廣大的英語學(xué)習(xí)者以及努力想通過“高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試”的學(xué)生提供一本內(nèi)容實(shí)用、語言規(guī)范、查找方便、配有練習(xí)、涵蓋面廣的教材,我們編寫了這本 《 英語應(yīng)用文寫作 》 。即:“能填寫和模擬套寫簡(jiǎn)短的英語應(yīng)用文,如填寫表格與單證,套寫簡(jiǎn)歷、通知、信函等。本課程在講解這些文體時(shí)以多媒體課件的方式展示大量的范文、格式說明、語言特點(diǎn)、常用句型、歷年 “ 英語應(yīng)用能力考試 ” 真題、同步練習(xí)等,使學(xué)生通過實(shí)例、講解以及寫作練習(xí)了解并熟練掌握各種常用應(yīng)用文的格式,以求提高學(xué)生的實(shí)際寫作能力,提高英語考試的 “ 過級(jí)率 ” 。好句子除了語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確外,必須思想完整,表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確,生動(dòng)形象,才能有效地表達(dá)作者的思想??勺魅缦滦薷模? a. We are going to meet Jean Harris, and she is a professor of English literature. 修改: We are going to meet Jean Harris, who is a professor of English literature. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 b. Jim is one of the fastest runners. 修改 : Jim is one of the fastest runners of our school. c. Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. 修改 : Ernest Hemingway, an American novelist, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 (Clarity) 寫作要注意句子的清晰度。 為了使句子連貫,應(yīng)注意不要將聯(lián)系密切的詞分開; 應(yīng)圍繞一個(gè)中心意思,多用修飾語(如分詞短語、介詞短 語、從句等)。 a. The pollution in this area is serious。例如: a. She was told of the fact that eating junk food might harm her health. b. Mrs. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France. c. There are some students who cheat in exams. 以上劃線部分都是累贅的詞,應(yīng)去掉。 He was intelligent and hardworking, and he graduated with honors. 應(yīng)該為: Intelligent and hardworking, he graduated with honors. 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 ③ 介詞短語開頭。其中非常重要的原因是運(yùn)用了一些比喻、排比的修辭手法和句型,增添了語言的渲染力及文章的藝術(shù)色彩。但是,要表達(dá)多方面的、比較復(fù)雜的思想,往往需要把幾個(gè)句子組織起來,結(jié)成更大的言語片斷,以表達(dá) “ 一層 ” 的意思。長(zhǎng)的段落通常用于表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的主題,而短的段落有時(shí)是做一個(gè)過渡或進(jìn)行一次概括,也有可能是用來強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。后面的句子便是 支持句( Supporting Sentences), 為主題句所表達(dá)的 思想提供支持。段落的統(tǒng)一性體現(xiàn)在用這個(gè)中心思想來統(tǒng)帥全段內(nèi)容,段落中的其他句子則都應(yīng)圍繞這一主題,一切與主題無直接關(guān)系的句子都必須刪除 例如: 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 Sample 1: Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a paratively cheap one. With a TV set in the family, people don’t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the movies, or the opera. All they have to is to push a button or turn on a knob, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind. 此段的主題句即段首句是本段的中心 ( This paragraph is about the convenience and cheapness of television) 全段圍繞這一中心展開,符合段落的統(tǒng)一性原則。 例如: 《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》多媒體 教學(xué) 課件 Sample 1: The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings. Until the 1960s, getting there was only a dream. Some thought that people could never reach the moon. Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar(月亮的 )surface in 1969. Moon landings have bee routine(日常事務(wù) ) to the general public. 本段沒有加連接詞,比較下段加連接詞的效果
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