【正文】 ly used in the full range of SCM. The handheld puters and cell phones as the core processing of highend microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world39。 5 在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用 某些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種 電路中進(jìn)行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開(kāi)發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。 Philips 公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)，將 MCS51 從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。 2 單片機(jī)歷史 單片機(jī)誕生于 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代末，經(jīng)歷了 SCM、 MCU、 SOC三大階段。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微控制器）。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美 國(guó) 50 年代開(kāi)發(fā)的 74 系列，或者60 年代的 CD4000系列這些純硬件來(lái)搞定的話，電路一定是一塊大 PCB板！但是如果要是用美國(guó) 70年代成功投放市場(chǎng)的系列單片機(jī)，結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別！只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過(guò)你編寫(xiě)的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！ 由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí) 匯編 語(yǔ)言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語(yǔ)言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要 用呢？很多高級(jí)的語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡(jiǎn)單，就是單片機(jī)沒(méi)有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的 CPU，也沒(méi)有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)提供了便利條件。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的 計(jì)算機(jī) 。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)了 16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。 1 單片機(jī) 介紹 單片機(jī)也被稱為 微控制器 （ Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的縮寫(xiě) MCU表示單片機(jī)，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域?；谶@一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。 單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于 嵌入式系統(tǒng) ，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。通過(guò)不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨(dú)特的一些功能，這是別的器件需要費(fèi)很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程邏輯器件上。在發(fā)展 MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù) Philips 公司。更不用說(shuō)自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。 單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。sZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways. Are 8bit microcontroller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32bit microcontroller quickly replace highend 16bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase pared to 80 the number of times. Currently, highend 32bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid9039。 Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microputer can be, extended to the singlechip microcontroller 10 applications. MCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, puter work munications and data transmission, industrial automation, realtime process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and programcontrolled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment