【正文】
inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an onchip oscillator, as shown in Figure a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a dividebytwo flipflop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. 。石晶振蕩和陶瓷振蕩均可采用。但在訪問外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器時,這兩次有效的 /PSEN信號將不出現(xiàn)。因此它可用作對外部輸出 的脈沖或用于定時目的。請注意,但是,一個 ALE脈沖被跳過在每次訪問外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器。 P2口在 FLASH編程和校驗(yàn)時接收高八位地址信號和控制信 號。 P1口: P1口是一個內(nèi)部提供上拉電阻的 8位雙向 I/O口, P1口緩沖器能接收輸出 4TTL門電流。空閑模式時 CPU停止工作,而 RAM,定時 /計數(shù)器,串行口和中斷系統(tǒng)繼續(xù)工作。 電氣系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括高的精度和靈敏度,能實(shí)現(xiàn)開關(guān)切換或掃描多個測量點(diǎn),可在測量元件和控制器之間長距離傳輸,出現(xiàn)事故時可調(diào)換元件,快速響應(yīng), 以及具有測量高溫的能力?;谟嬎銠C(jī)或微處理器的儀器或控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用正推動這類信號的應(yīng)用不斷增加。這也是最少數(shù)量的操作者有效的運(yùn)行工廠成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。壓力的測量和控制,或者壓力的不足—真空,在典型的過程控制中是極為重要的。 盡管大規(guī)模集成電路的應(yīng)用使小型和微型計算機(jī)的差別變得 “模糊 ”,更復(fù)雜的過程控制器需要小型計算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的過程。 微計算機(jī)的另一主要工程應(yīng)用是在過程控制中。 微處理器在程序控制下處理數(shù)據(jù),并控制流向和來自存儲器和輸入 /輸出裝置的信息流。 在每一種情況下, 由于概念上的計算機(jī)存儲器更像一個公文柜,上述的 “存儲器 ”一詞是非常不恰當(dāng)?shù)?;信?被 存放在一系列已 數(shù)字標(biāo)記過的 的 “箱子 ”中,而且可 以按照 問題由 “箱子 ”的序列號進(jìn)行 相關(guān) 信息的參考定位 。要在一個 以 微處理器 為基礎(chǔ)的 時鐘中找出執(zhí)行 具有 計數(shù)功能的一個特殊 的 硬件 組成部分 是不可能的,因?yàn)闀r間存儲在存儲器中,而在固定的時間間隔下由微處理器控制增值。 單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng) 廣義地說, 微型計算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)(單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)) 是用于處理信息的,這種 被用于處理的 信息可以是電話交談, 也可以是 儀器 的 讀數(shù)或 者是一個 企業(yè) 的 帳戶,但是各種情況下都涉及 到 相同的主要操作:信息 的 處理 、信息的 存儲和 信息的 傳遞。存儲是利用存儲器電路,而 從系統(tǒng)中輸入和輸出 的信息傳輸則是利用特定的輸入 /輸出( I/O)電路。 盡管圖中顯示的只有一個存儲單元, 但是在 實(shí)際中 卻 有 RAM和 ROM兩種不同的存儲器被使用。另有新類型的期器件不必用紫外線燈而用電察除,所以稱為電可察除可編程只讀存儲器 EEPROM。但是在可預(yù)見的未來,當(dāng)需要大量的存儲器或輸入 /輸出時,還是有必要繼續(xù)將許多集成電路相互聯(lián)結(jié)起來, 形成微計算機(jī)。另一種選擇是將程序在 ROM中,這樣他們就變成電子 “硬件 ”的一部分并常被稱為 “固件 ”。在典型 的過程工廠中,壓力影響沸點(diǎn)溫度、凝固點(diǎn)溫度、過程效率、消耗和其他重要因數(shù)。使用這種系統(tǒng),就可以在某一地點(diǎn)安裝大多數(shù)的指示、記錄和控制儀器。當(dāng)今,另一種電信號形式變的越來越常用,就是數(shù)字或離散信號。有代表性的溫度傳感器包括:填充式熱系統(tǒng)、玻璃液體溫度計、熱電偶、電阻溫度探測器、熱敏電阻、雙金屬器件、光學(xué)和輻射高溫計和熱敏涂料。此外, AT89C51是靜態(tài)邏輯設(shè)計與操作頻率下降到零,并支持兩種軟kPamAkPamAkPakPa mAmAKr 420 ????? 件可選的節(jié)電模式。在 FIASH編程時, P0 口作為原碼輸入口,當(dāng) FIASH進(jìn)行校驗(yàn)時, P0輸出原碼,此時 P0外部必須被拉高。在給出地址“ 1”時,它利用內(nèi)部上拉優(yōu)勢,當(dāng)對外部八位地址數(shù)據(jù)存儲器進(jìn)行讀寫時, P2口輸出其特殊功能寄存器的內(nèi)容。該引腳也是在 flash編程脈沖輸入 ALE(編)是在 1 / 6振蕩器頻率恒定的速率發(fā)射,并可能對 外部定時或時鐘的用途。在平時, ALE端以不變的頻率周期輸出正脈沖信號,此頻率為振蕩器頻率的 1/6。在由外部程序存儲器取指期間,每個機(jī)器周期兩次 /PSEN有效。該反向放大器可以配置為片內(nèi)振蕩器。 these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are generalpurpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other puters. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain specialpurpose microprocessors to permit quite plex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are generalpurpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other puters. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain specialpurpose microprocessors to permit quite plex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in lowcost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated int