【正文】 were too tired and woried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAI Every culture has its own ways to show friendship. On the isl ands of H awai, friendship is part of the “al oha spirit”. In the l anguage of the Hawaiians who first settl ed the isl ands long ago, al oha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with hapiness”. H awai ans bel i eve that once som ebody l oves the l and, they are ready to l ove thei r peopl e or m uni ty. Thi s is the second m ost import si gn of fri endshi p. It is cal led l okahi i n H awai an l anguage, whi ch means “onenes with al peopl e”. To enjoy the l and you should not be sel fi sh. The l and i s for everyone who li ves on it. Today m any di ferent peopl e cal l H awai their hom e. Indeed, H awai i s a pl ace where peopl e m ake one bi g m unity from m any sm al er muni ti es. Each person gi ves kokua (hel p) to other people so that al fel stronger. It’s bel ieved that the isl ands can be a paradise when the people l ive in peace. Peopl e are tol d that thei r actions shoul d be as gentl e as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When problem s hapen, people are asked to solve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai tal k about ohana (fami l y), they are real y tal ki ng about al those who li ve on the i sl ands. Li vi ng in peace, H awai ans have devel oped a thi rd si gn of fri endshi p. This personal fri endshi p i s shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek. Visitors to the isl ands are also given l ies. When they hear al oha, visitors begin to feel at home. Aloha al so means “goodbye”, so visitors wi l hear it agai n when they l eave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors wil remember their new friendship. Unit 2 TH E RO AD TO MO DERN EN GLISH At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven mi li on peopl e spoke Engli sh. Nearl y al l of them li ved i n England. Later in the next century, peopl e from Engl and m ade voyages to conquer other parts of the worl d and because of that, Engl ish begi n to be spoken in m any other countries. Today, m ore peopl e speak Engli sh as thei r fi rst, second or a forei gn l anguage than ever before. N ati ve Engl i sh speakers can understand each other even i f they don39。een a f anat i cal opponent of Mr Lane39。t speak the sam e ki nd of Engl ish. Look at this kind of example: Bri ti sh Betty: Would you li ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d l ike to e up to your apartment. So why has Engli sh changed over tim e? Actual ly al l anguages change and devel op when cul tures m eet and muni cate with each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken in Engl and betwen about AD 450 and 150 was very di fferent the Engli sh spoken today. It was based more on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD80 to 1150, Engli sh became l es li ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke first Danish and later French. These new setlers enriched the English l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wi der vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e British setlers m oved to Am erican. Later in the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a to. Engli sh began to be spoken i n both countri es. Final l y by the 19th century the language was settl ed. At that tim e two big changes i n Engl ish spel ing hapened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote his di ctionary and l ater N oah Webster wrote The Ameri can Di cti onary of the Engli sh Language. The l ater gave a separate i dentity to Am eri can Engli sh speli ng. Engli sh now i s al so spoken as a foreign or second l anguage in South Asi a. For exam pl e, Indi a has a very l arge num ber of fl uent Engli sh speakers because Bri tai n ruled Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh became the l anguage for government and educati on. Engli sh is also spoken i n Singapore and Malaysi a and countri es i n Afri ca such as South Afri ca. Today the number of peopl e learning Engl ish in China is i ncreasing rapi dl y. In fact, China m ay have the l argest num ber of Engli sh learners. Wil l Chi nese Engli sh devel op i ts own i denti ty? Only tim e wi l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AND DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is i t spoken i n Britai n, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zealand? Beli eve i t or not, there is no such thing as standard Engli sh. Many peopl e beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radi o is standard Engli sh. This i s because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel ent Engli sh. However, on TV and the radi o you wil l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is cal led a dial ect. American Engl ish has m any dial ects, especi al ly the Midwestern, southern, Afri can Ameri can and Spanish dialects. Even in som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a li tl e di ferentl y. Ameri can Engl i sh has so many dialects because peopl e have e from al over the world. Geography also pl ays a part i n m aki ng di al ects. Som e people who li ve i n the m ountai ns of the eastern USA speak with an ol der ki nd of Engli sh di alect. When Am eri cans m oved from one pl ace to another, they took thei r di al ects with them. So peopl e from the m ountains i n the southeastern USA speak with alm ost the same di al ects as peopl e in the northwestern USA. The USA i s a large country i n whi ch m any di ferent di al ects are spoken. Al though m any Am eri cans m ove a l ot, they stil l recogni ze and understand each other’s dial ects. TH E O XFO RD EN GLISH DICTION ARY You m ay thi nk that Engli sh di cti onari es have ben used for m