【正文】 g ago, al oha had a very special m eaning. That is “to be with happiness”. H awai ans beli eve that once som ebody loves the land, they are ready to l ove thei r people or munity. Thi s i s the second m ost im port si gn of friendship. It is cal l ed l okahi in H awaian l anguage, which m eans “onenes with al peopl e”. To enjoy the land you shoul d not be sel fi sh. The l and i s for everyone who li ves on it. Today m any di ferent peopl e cal H awai their hom e. Inded, H awai is a pl ace where peopl e m ake one bi g munity from many sm al er muni ti es. Each person gi ves kokua (hel p) to other peopl e so that al l fel stronger. It’s bel ieved that the isl ands can be a paradise when the peopl e live in peace. Peopl e are tol d that their acti ons shoul d be as gentl e as the wind that blows from the sea. When probl em s happen, peopl e are asked to sol ve them with understandi ng. So when peopl e of Hawai i tal k about ohana (famil y), they are real ly tal king about al l those who li ve on the i sl ands. Li vi ng i n peace, H awai ans have devel oped a third si gn of friendship. Thi s personal fri endshi p i s shown by gi vi ng l ei s to one another. The l ie, a string of fl owers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek. Visitors to the isl ands are al so given li es. When they hear aloha, vi sitors begin to feel at hom e. Al oha al so means “godbye”, so visitors wil l hear it again when they l eave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how m ost visitors wil l rem em ber their new friendship. Unit 2 TH E RO AD TO MO DERN EN GLISH At the end of the 16th century, about fi ve to seven m il li on peopl e spoke Engli sh. N early al of them li ved i n Engl and. Later i n the next century, people from Engl and m ade voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, Engli sh begi n to be spoken i n m any other countri es. Today, more peopl e speak Engli sh as thei r fi rst, second or a foreign language than ever before. Nati ve Engli sh speakers can understand each other even i f they don39。t speak the sam e ki nd of Engli sh. Lok at this ki nd of exam pl e: British Bety: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am eri can Am y: Yes. I’d l ike to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engli sh changed over time? Actual l y al l anguages change and devel op when cultures meet and municate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken in Engl and between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di ferent the Engl ish spoken today. It was based more on Germ an than the Engl ish we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 150, Engl ish becam e l ess li ke germ en because those who ruled Engl and spoke first Danish and l ater French. These new setlers enriched the English l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh settl ers m oved to Am eri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh people were taken to Austral ia too. Engli sh began to be spoken i n both countries. Fi nal y by the 19th century the l anguage was settl ed. At that ti me two bi g changes i n Engli sh speli ng happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dicti onary and l ater N oah Webster wrote The Ameri can Di cti onary of the Engli sh Language. The l ater gave a separate identity to Am eri can Engli sh speli ng. Engl ish now i s also spoken as a forei gn or second l anguage i n South Asi a. For exam pl e, India has a very large number of fluent Engl ish speakers because Bri tai n ruled Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh became the language for governm ent and educati on. Engli sh i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysia and countries in Africa such as South Afri ca. Today the num ber of people l earni ng Engl ish i n Chi na i s increasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, Chi na may have the l argest num ber of Engl ish learners. Wil l Chi nese Engli sh devel op i ts own i denti ty? Only tim e wi l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is i t spoken i n Britai n, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zeal and? Beli eve i t or not, there is no such thi ng as standard Engl ish. Many people beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radio i s standard Engli sh. Thi s is because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel ent Engl ish. H owever, on TV and the radio you wi l hear differences in the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressions diferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. Am erican English has m any di al ects, especi al ly the Mi dwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a l i ttl e di fferentl y. Am eri can Engl i sh has so m any di al ects because peopl e have e from al l over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part i n m aki ng di al ects. Som e peopl e who 必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you could tel l everythi ng to, li ke your depest feeli ngs and thoughts? O r are you afrai d that your fri end woul d l augh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Ane Frank wanted the first ki nd, so she made her best friend. Ane li ved i n Am sterdam i n N etherl ands duri ng Woul d WarⅡ .H er famil y was Jewi sh so they had to hi de or they woul d be caught by the Germ an N azi . She and her famil y hid away for nearly twentyfive months before they were discovered. During that time the onl y true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a seri es of facts in a di ary as m ost peopl e do , but I want this diary itsel f to be m y friend, and I shal cal l m y friend Kitty . ”Now read how she fel t after being in the hiding pl ace si nce Jul y 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944