【正文】 who first settl ed the isl ands l ong ago, al oha had a very special m eaning. That is “to be with hapines”. H awai ans bel ieve that once som ebody l oves the l and, they are ready to l ove thei r peopl e or munity. This is the second m ost im port sign of friendship. It is cal ed l okahi n H awaian language, which m eans “oneness with al l peopl e”. To enjoy the l and you shoul d not be sel fish. The land is for everyone who l ives on it. Today many different people cal H awai thei r hom e. Indeed, Hawai i s a place where peopl e make one bi g m uni ty from m any sm al er m uni ti es. Each person gi ves kokua (hel p) to other people so that al fel l stronger. It’s believed that the isl ands can be a paradise when the people l ive in peace. Peopl e are told that thei r actions shoul d be as gentl e as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When problem s hapen, people are asked to solve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai tal k about ohana (fami l y), they are real y tal ki ng about al those who li ve on the i sl ands. Li vi ng in peace, H awai ans have devel oped a thi rd si gn of fri endshi p. This personal fri endshi p i s shown by giving lei s to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the friend is given a ki ss on cheek. Vi si tors to the i sl ands are also given l ies. When they hear al oha, vi si tors begi n to feel at home. Aloha al so m eans “goodbye”, so visitors wil l hear it again when they l eave. It can al so m ean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps thi s is how most vi si tors wi l rem em ber thei r new friendship. Unit 2 TH E RO AD TO MO DERN EN GLISH At the end of the 16th century, about fi ve to seven mil li on peopl e spoke Engli sh. N early al of them l ived in Engl and. Later i n the next century, peopl e from Engl and made voyages to conquer other parts of the worl d and because of that, Engli sh begin to be spoken i n m any other countri es. Today, m ore people speak Engl ish as their first, second or a forei gn l anguage than ever before. N ative Engl ish speakers can understand each other even i f they don39。t speak the same ki nd of Engli sh. Look at thi s kind of exam pl e: Bri ti sh Betty: Woul d you l i ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartment. So why has Engli sh changed over tim e? Actual ly al languages change and devel op when cul tures m eet and muni cate with each other. At fi rst the Engl ish spoken in Engl and betwen about AD 450 and 1150 was very different the Engli sh spoken today. It was based m ore on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 1150, Engl i sh became l ess li ke germ en because those who ruled Engl and spoke fi rst Dani sh and l ater French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engl ish l anguage and especial y i ts vocabulary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh setlers m oved to Am eri can. Later in the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a too. Engl ish began to be spoken i n both countri es. Fi nal ly by the 19th century the l anguage was settl ed. At that tim e two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel li ng happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later Noah Webster wrote The Am erican Di cti onary of the Engli sh Language. The l ater gave a separate i dentity to Ameri can Engli sh spel li ng. Engli sh now i s al so spoken as a forei gn or second language i n South Asia. For exam pl e, Indi a has a very l arge number of fl uent Engli sh speakers because Bri tain ruled Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh became the language for government and educati on. Engli sh i s also spoken i n Singapore and Malaysi a and countri es i n Afri ca such as South Afri ca. Today the number of peopl e learni ng Engl ish in Chi na i s i ncreasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, China may have the l argest num ber of Engl ish l earners. Wil l Chi nese Engli sh devel op its own i dentity? O nl y tim e wil tel l. STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What is standard Engl ish? Is i t spoken i n Bri tai n, the US, Canada, Austral ia, India and N ew Zeal and? Bel i eve it or not, there i s no such thi ng as standard Engl ish. Many people beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radi o i s standard Engli sh. This i s because i n the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel lent English. H owever, on TV and the radio you wil hear di ferences i n the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is caled a dial ect. Am erican Engl ish has m any di al ects, especi al l y the Mi dwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a l i ttl e di fferentl y. Am eri can Engl i sh has s o m any di al ects because peopl e have e from al l over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part i n m aki ng di al ects. Som e peopl e who 必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you coul d tel l everythi ng to, li ke your deepest feli ngs and thoughts? Or are you afrai d that your fri end woul d laugh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Anne Frank wanted the fi rst kind, so she m ade her best fri end. Anne l ived in Amsterdam in N etherlands duri ng Woul d WarⅡ .H er fami ly was Jewi sh so they had to hide or they woul d be caught by the Germ an N azi . She and her fami ly hi d away for nearl y twentyfi ve months before they were discovered. During that tim e the onl y true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as m ost peopl e do , but I want this diary itsel f to be m y friend, and I shal cal l m y friend Kitty . ”Now read how she fel t after being i n the hiding plac