【正文】 these deliberately produced works. Furthermore, making these paintings was so timeconsuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created painting may have 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 10 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist39。s base ment despite sanitation laws to the contrary. does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Why historical archaeology was first developed. (B) How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed. (C) The contributions architects make to historical archaeology. (D) The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology. 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 36 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) to the first paragraph, what is a relatively new focus in archaeology? (A) Investigating the recent past. (B) Studying prehistoric cultures. (C) Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States. (D) Comparing finding made in North America and Europe. to the passage, when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologist? (A) Prior to the 193039。s 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 37 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) word framed in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) understood (B) read (C) avoided (D) posed the third paragraph, the author implies that the techniques of history and the techniques of social science are (A) quite different from each other (B) equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures (C) usually taught to students of archaeology (D) both based on similar principles 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 38 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) phrase their contributions in line 23 refers to the contributions of (A) social scientists (B) prehistoric cultures (C) historians (D) documentation and knowledge author mentions an excavation at the site of a hotel in Sacramento in order to give an example of (A) a building reconstruction project (B) the work of the earliest historical archaeologists (C) a finding that conflicts with written records (D) the kind of information that historians routinely examine 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 39 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) word supposedly in line 36 is closest in meaning to (A) ruthlessly (B) tightly (C) barely (D) seemingly word sanitation in line 40 is closest in meaning to (A) city (B) housing (C) health (D) trade 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 40 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) 。s and 196039。 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 1 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) 1996 年 8 月托福閱讀全真試題 Questions 110 The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different BECause it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light. Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However , for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 2 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher powers. The first to succeed was Charles , then at Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a maser for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not pleted until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. A