【正文】 surface for painting , and then polished smooth with special tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a position with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors. Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 9 頁 共 40 頁 had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate . The quickdrying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was pletely alien to these deliberately produced works. Furthermore, making these paintings was so timeconsuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created painting may have 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 10 頁 共 40 頁 designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist39。s hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist39。s style, applied the paint. The carpenter39。s shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in the final product. In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections. aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss? 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 11 頁 共 40 頁 (A) Famous examples (B) Different styles (C) Restoration (D) Production to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting? (A) Mixing the paint (B) Preparing the panel (C) Buying the gold leaf (D) Making ink drawings word it in line 6 refers to 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 12 頁 共 40 頁 (A) chalk (B) position (C) artist (D) surface word deliberate in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) decisive (B) careful (C) natural (D) unusual of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings? 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 13 頁 共 40 頁 (A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets. (B) Polishing the gesso. (C) Applying many layers of paint. (D) Covering the background with gold leaf. characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage? (A) It dries quickly. (B) It is difficult to make. (C) It dissolves easily. (D) It has to be applied directly to wood. word demanded in line 24 is closest in meaning to 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 14 頁 共 40 頁 (A) ordered (B) reported (C) required (D) questioned collective enterprise mentioned in line 25 includes all of the following EXCEPT (A) supplying the gold leaf (B) building the panels (C) applying the paint (D) selling the painting word imitate in line 30 is closest in meaning to 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 15 頁 共 40 頁 (A) copy (B) illustrate (C) promote (D) believe in author mentions all of the following as problems with the survivals of panel painting EXCEPT (A) condition (B) theft (C) preservation (D) restoration word them in line 37 refers to 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 16 頁 共 40 頁 (A) problems (B) condition, restoration, preservation (C) panel paintings (D) museum collections Questions 2232 Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States. The GREat number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time. On the o