【正文】 arriers to entry that reduce the threat of entry. 71 2. Bargaining power of suppliers. ? Bargaining power is high where the supplier or brand is powerful。 – 為信息的使用者提供不同粒度的信息有助于他們能更好地把握事物運動的狀態(tài)和方式。 – 信息如同一種產品，具有其生命周期。 （ 4） 不對稱性 – 由于各種原因的限制（如專業(yè)知識、市場需求、制作技術等），在市場中交易的雙方所掌握的信息是極不相等的，買賣雙方掌握信息的程度各有不同，這就形成了信息的不對稱?？梢詮臅r間、內容和形式三個維度，確定人們對信息的需求，從而來確定信息的價值。 ? 知識管理 ：利用知識的獲取方法（如數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術）與管理領域知識相結合進行的創(chuàng)新。 12 ? Information is subjective， that means one person’s information may be another person’s data. Figure 11 13 ? 數(shù)據(jù)和信息的關系 – 信息是我們對數(shù)據(jù)的解釋，或者說是數(shù)據(jù)的內在含義。1 南京理工大學機械工程學院工業(yè)工程系 169。 11 ? data？ –data is defined as recorded facts or figures. – 原始、不相關的事實表達，是對客體或事件的測量或觀測值。 ? 信息管理 ：從技術層進行數(shù)據(jù)的存儲、傳輸、顯示使之發(fā)生增值等處理過程。信息的增值性即指人們通過利用信息，可以獲得效益。需要注意的是，人們往往將主要注意力集中在信息的載體（例如計算機網絡的建設）或技術手段上，而忽略了信息的內容。過了這個時期，信息就不會產生效益，即信息的有效性。 30 （ 9） 信息的粒度（ granularity ） – 粒度用來度量信息的詳細程度。 obsolescence 64 ? SWOT is only a guide and should be used together with other tools such as Porter’s fiveforces analysis model. ? SWOT analysis is often done at the outset of the strategic planning process ? Strategic planning is a series of processes in which an anization selects and arranges its businesses or services to keep the anization viable even when unexpected events disrupt one or more of its businesses, markets, products, or services. Strategic planning involves environmental scanning and prediction, or SWOT analysis, for each business relative to petitors in that business’s market or product line. 65 ? Strategy defines the plan for how a business will achieve its mission, goals, and objectives. It specifies the necessary financial requirements, budgets, and resources . Strategy addresses fundamental issues such as the pany’s position in its industry, its available resources and options, and future directions. A strategy addresses questions such as: – What is the longterm direction of our business? – What is the overall plan for deploying our resources? – What tradeoffs are necessary? What resources will it need to share? – What is our position vis224。 agility。這種共享是一種非零和的共享，即共享的諸方受益、受損是不確定的，各方因同一信息而獲得的增值并不等于少數(shù)方獨占該信息所獲得的增值。 – 信息的間隔時間是指獲取同一信息的必要間隔時間。而選擇表現(xiàn)形式需要考慮維清晰性和詳盡性。 saving the data in a batch and processing it some hours later will be much easier and cheaper. If you can live with information that is a day or two old, the system will be easier and cheaper to implement. 21 ? Relevant – Information should be relevant both to the context and to the subject. Considering context, you, the CEO, need information that is summarized to an appropriate level for your job. A list of the hourly wage of every employee in the pany is unlikely to be useful. More likely, you need average wage information by department or division. 22 ? Just Barely Sufficient – Information needs to be sufficient for the purpose for which it is generated, but just barely so. We live in an information age。從中得出系統(tǒng)化的規(guī)律、概念或經驗。勞東 編著 人民大學出版社 3. Management Information Systems Managing the Digital Firm, 12th Edition 3 本課程主要內容 ? 介紹企業(yè)信息化的基本概念，企業(yè)信息化整體解決方案、集成平臺，應用實施等內容，使學生掌握企業(yè)信息化相關理論，以及實施方法和支撐環(huán)境等技術，注重企業(yè)遠景規(guī)劃、產品發(fā)展、管理變革信息技術支撐的良好匹配與協(xié)調，以適應未來數(shù)字化企業(yè)的要求。 4 The Course Help You Learn Nonroutine Skills ? This is the best course you choose for learning these four key skills. – Abstract Reasoning – Systems Thinking – Collaboration – Ability to Experiment 5 ? Abstract Reasoning is the ability to make and manipulate models. ? Systems thinking is the ability to model the ponents of the system, to connect the inputs and outputs among those ponents into a sensible whole that reflects the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon. You will be asked to critique systems。 ? 知識按性質分類 – knowwhat，關于事實方面的 – knowwhy，事物的客觀原理和規(guī)律性方面的，屬于科學方面的 – knowhow 技巧、技藝、能力方面的，屬于技術方面的 – knowwho，特定的社會關系、社會分工和知道者的特長與水平，屬于經驗與判斷方面的。 one of the critical decisions that each of us has to make each day is what information to ignore. The higher you rise into management, the more information you will be given, and, because there is only so much time, the more information you will need to ignore. So, information should be sufficient, but just barely. 23 ? Worth Its Cost – Information is not free. There are costs for developing an information system, costs of operating and maintaining that system, and costs of your time and salary for reading and processing the information the system produces. For information to be worth its cost, an appropriate relationship must exist between the cost of information and its value. – Information systems should be subject to the same financial analyses to which other assets are subjected. 24 ? 信息的基本特征 (1)真實性。同樣一種信息，選擇的表現(xiàn)形式不同，信息產生的價值也會不同。 – 信息的加工時間是指獲取某信息由數(shù)據(jù)加工所需要的加工時間。 29 （ 8） 可擴散性 – 信息的可擴散具有兩種效應： ? 正效應是利于知識的擴散，節(jié)省人力、資金等資源的消耗； ? 負效應造成信息的貶值，不利于信息的保密。 motivated workforce ? Weaknesses: lack of expertise。 ability to create a new market or product ? Threats: price wars or other fierce reaction by petitors。在企業(yè)內部，要充分利用信息的共享性，在信息有效的時間內，在內部快速擴散，對外部則應該抑制信息擴散的負效應。 27 （ 6） 有效性 – 信息的增值性只表現(xiàn)在一定的時間內。 25 （ 3）抽象性 – 必須區(qū)分信息的載體與內容，信息有可能在不同的載體之間轉化與傳遞。 (2) 增值性。 ? 什么是智慧？ 16 ? 數(shù)據(jù)管理： 對客觀對象的表達、識別和檢測。 you will be asked to apply different systems to different situations. All of those tasks will prepare you for systems thinking as a professional. 6 ? Collaboration is the activity of two or more people working together to achieve a mon goal, result, or work product. Effective collaboration isn’t about being nice. In fact, surveys indicate the single most important skill for effective collaboration is to give and receive critical feedback. ? Ability to Experiment – Successful experimentat