【正文】 unlight (日光 ) – Wind (風 ) – Rocks and soil (巖石與土壤 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Biogeography (生物地理學 ) – Provides a good starting point for understanding what limits the geographic distribution of species Figure Species absent because Yes No Dispersal limits distribution? Behavior limits distribution? Biotic factors (other species) limit distribution? Abiotic factors limit distribution? Yes No Yes No Area inaccessible or insufficient time Habitat selection Predation, parasitism, petition, disease Water Oxygen Salinity pH Soil nutrients, etc. Temperature Light Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc. Chemical factors Physical factors Copyright 169。 裡面經人工規(guī)劃成 熱帶雨林、熱帶大草原、沼澤、沙漠以及海洋 等五種自然環(huán)境，擁有千餘種昆蟲、鳥類、動物及魚類，以提供 8名研究人員不假外界援助而得獨立生活的自足生活系統(tǒng)，不幸結果卻演變成充滿二氧化碳和氮氣的惡地，藤蔓叢生，蟑螂、螞蟻和螽斯橫行。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population ecology (族群生態(tài)學 ) Concentrates mainly on factors (因子 ) that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. Figure . Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: The Scope of Ecology (生態(tài)學的範疇 ) ? Overview: The Scope of Ecology ? Ecology(生態(tài)學 ) – Is the scientific study of the interactions(互動 ) between anisms and the environment ? These interactions (互動 ) – Determine both the distribution(分佈 ) of anisms and their abundance(豐度 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Ecology (生態(tài)學 ) – Is an enormously plex and exciting area of biology. – Reveals the richness of the biosphere (生物圈 ). Figure . The richness of the biosphere evident in one area of a Panamanian forest. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Community ecology (群聚生態(tài)學 ) Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a munity. Figure Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species (種的歧異度 ) that make up a particular forest? Copyright 169。 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dispersal and Distribution (散佈與分佈 ) ? Dispersal (散佈 ) – Is the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin – Contributes to the global distribution of anisms Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temperature ? Environmental temperature – Is an important factor in the distribution of anisms because of its effects on biological processes Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Sunlight intensity plays a major part in determining the Earth’s climate patterns Figure . Latitudinal variation and sunlight intensity Low angle of ining sunlight Sunlight directly overhead Low angle of ining sunlight North Pole 60?N 30?N Tropic of Cancer 0? (equator) 30?S 60?S Atmosphere Tropic of Capricorn South pole Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity 低角度的入射日光 低角度的入射日光 日光正位於頭頂上方 南極 北極 Copyright 169。 winter begins in Northern Hemisphere。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seasonality (季節(jié)性 ) ? The angle of the sun (太陽角度 ) – Leads to many seasonal changes in local environments Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報告完畢 敬請指教 ！？ ?。? ??？ ！？ ??？ ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Estuaries (河口 ) Figure . An estuary in a low coastal plain of Geia Copyright 169。C) 100 200 300 400 30 15 0 ?15 針葉林 極地與高山苔原 溫帶森林 年 平 均 溫 年平均雨量 熱帶森林 草原 沙膜 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Coniferous forest (針葉林 ) Figure . Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Tundra (苔原 ) Figure . Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings General Features (特徵 ) of Terrestrial Biomes ? Terrestrial biomes (陸域生物相 ) – Are often named for major physical or climatic factors and for their predominant vegetation (優(yōu)勢植被 ) ? Vertical stratification (垂直分層 ) – Is an important feature of terrestrial biomes – Canopy(林冠 ), lowtree stratum(矮樹層 ), shrub understory(灌叢 ), ground layer of herbaceous plant(地面草本植物層 ), forest floor(森林地表 ) (litter layer落葉層 ), root layer(根層 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Oceanic pelagic biome (大洋區(qū)生物相 ) Figure . Open ocean off the island of Hawaii Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The distribution of major aquatic biomes ? The examination of biomes (生物相 ) will begin with Earth’s aquatic biomes Figure 30?N Tropic of Cancer Equator 30?S Continental shelf Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic zone Estuaries Intertidal zone Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone) 深海區(qū) Key Tropic of Capricorn Copyright 169。C and sinks below the cooler layers immediately below, eliminating the thermal stratification. Spring winds mix the water to great depth, bringing oxygen (O2) to the bottom waters (see graphs) and nutrient