【正文】 terialism D. close relationship with nature, belief in supernatural elements Transcendentalism先驗主義A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual ‘s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason. （原因）foreign influences: 1) introduction of idealistic philosophy from Germany and France。紅字187。171。? Though as for that the passing there? Had worn them really about the same,? And both that morning equally lay? In leaves no step had trodden black.? Oh, I kept the first for another day!? Yet knowing how way leads on to way,? I doubted if I should ever e back.?? I shall be telling this with a sigh? Somewhere ages and ages hence:? Two roads diverged in a wood, and I? I took the one less traveled by,? And that has made all the difference. (191Walt Whitman 沃爾特 惠特曼 One’s Self I Sing 我歌唱自我 O Captain! My Captain! 噢，船長！我的船長！Emily Dickinson 埃米莉 狄金森 I’m Nobody! 我是無名之輩?。 Henry David Thoreau 亨利 大衛(wèi) 梭羅Questions : indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level?One refers to the concrete place he lives in the real world. In this sense, he lived the shore of the Walden pond. Another is in spiritual sense, he lived nearer to those parts of the universe and to those eras in history which had most attracted him. He lived a life far from noise and disturbance, from the life which he had left behind. Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t. He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and plicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us. He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure. it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Yes, it The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning ofs activities. The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature39。native influence: American Puritan tradition（特征） of New England Transcendentalism （key point）1 The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.2 The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.3 The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.（文學(xué)代表） of New England Transcendentalism （key point）Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882)Henry David Thoreau (18171862)Realism 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義it is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the plexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from and develops external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. Henry James is considered a great master of psychological realism.Local colorism鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué)1）Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, welldefined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local.3) major local colorists is Mark Twain. Naturalism 自然主義American Natu