【正文】 n and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.American Naturalism(美國自然主義文學(xué))：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less plex binations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic ) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing bees less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Modernism 現(xiàn)代主義During the first decades of the 20th century,modernism became an international tendency against positivism and representational art and literature .It began in Germany in the 1890s, spread worldwide,and ended in the early 1940s.The essence of modernism: was a break with the past, and also fostered a belief in art and literature as a avenue to selffulfillment. Ways of expression: symbolism,impressionism,postimpressionism,futurism, constructivism, imagism, vorticism, expressionism, dadaism, and surrealism.（特征） dramatized discontinuity中斷 and imminent severance分離 from the past, its values and artistics forms by incorporating them in new literary production. had a sence of fragmentation分裂感 in social munities and the fragmentation within the individual himself. distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong and conscious break with traditional forms,perceptions and techniques of expression, and its great concern with language and all aspects of medium. It was persistently experimental。 industrialization。 Of Mice and Men Puritanism清教主義: origin, doctrines, relationship with American literaturePuritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had bee, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.Romanticism浪漫主義An approach from ancient Greek: Plato A literary trend: Germanyamp。A farewell to arms 。人物——頭銜amp。The sun also rises。 Abslom, Abslom；Go down, MosesJohn Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath。 pioneers pushing the frontier further west。2) Oriental mysticism such as Hinduism and philosophy of the Chinese Confucius and Mencius。 with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. The focus of the elements of this age, in some contrast with the Roaring 20s, in historical and cultural studies, are somewhat different, with a greater emphasis on Modernism perse. American dream 美國夢American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（資本主義）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知識界精華） and the freedoms guaranteed by the . Bill of Rights.Free verse自由詩體 Poetry without a fixed beat or regulat rhyme scheme .Original sin原罪Oversoul 超靈It is called by Emerson was an allpervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was a part. It existed in nature and in humanity alike and constituted the chief element of the universe. Gene