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年產(chǎn)3000噸獼猴桃果汁工廠設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯(完整版)

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【正文】 shown similar results. The discrepancy between dietary guidelines and the actual diet suggests a need for extensive public education. (Am J Public Health 1990。 no attempt was made to determine the number of servings consumed. In the present inquiry we estimate the number of servings consumed, taking portion size into account. We also examine the intake of calories, fat, fiber, and vitamins A and C in the diets of persons consuming various numbers of servings of fruit and vegetables. While it is obvious that intake of vitamins A and C would increase with increasing numbers of servings, the relative contribution of fruit versus vegetables is not well known, nor is the nutrient intake actually achieved in selfselected diets. Similarly, the dietary fiber intake contained in diets including multiple servings of fruit and vegetables may be inadequately appreciated by the general public.Methods The NHANES II survey was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics between 1976 and highly stratified multistage probability design was used to obtain a representative sample of the civilian no institutionalized population, ages six months to 74 years。t eating wisely. Not because they haven39。 we found that 39 percent ate whole fruit on the recall day. In the California survey, 42 percent reported eating green salad and 67 percent reported eating one or more vegetables on the recall day. In our data, 37 percent had a salad and 43 percent had at least one serving of a garden vegetable on the recall guidelines have emphasized the importance of a balanced and varied diet. Diets that include either no servings or very few servings of fruit and vegetables lack both balance and variety. We found that almost 50 percent of the population had at most a single serving of a vegetable。 65:839A854A.16. Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, US Senate: DietaryGoals for the United States. Washington, DC: Govt Printing Office, 1977.17. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health, Education,and Welfare: Food is More Than Just Something to Eat. US Departmentof Agriculture Home and Garden Bulletin No. 216, 1976.18. US Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration:Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in 1 Day in the United States,Spring 1977. NFCS 197778 Preliminary Rpt No. 2, 1980.19. US Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service:Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, Continuing Survey of FoodIntakes by Individuals, Men 1950 Years,I Day, 1985。 we found that consumption of fruit and vegetables (with the exception of garden vegetables) was lower among Blacks than Whites, even when ine was taken into account (data available on request to authors). Not only did fewer Blacks than Whites meet the guidelines, but larger proportions had at most a single serving on the recall day. Consumption of the remended five servings of fruit and vegetables is consistent with a nutritionally adequate diet as well as with the health remendations cited above. For example, diets including multiple servings of these foods provide substantial amounts of dietary fiber and vitamins A and C. While caloric intake increases with the numbers of servings of both fruit and vegetables, this increase is not associated with greater obesity. As more servings of vegetables are eaten, more grams of fat are consumed, but the P/S ratio also rises. The fact that fruit and vegetables are important sources of dietary fiber may not be well understood by the general public. In our data, a diet that included five servings of fruit and vegetables provided approximately 17 grams of fiber。 our lower limit is equivalent to less than half of a serving as defined by the USDA. The second bias is likely larger than the first and, if so, the results presented in this article are unduly optimistic. While a single day39。 vegetables and fruits in Agriculture Handbook No. 456. 12 A half cup serving Of many vegetables weights about 75 grams, and many whole fruits weigh roughly 120 grams. We defined as two servings any portion of vegetables (except salad) weighing 150 grams or more, and any portion of fruit (excluding fruit juice) weighing 240 grams or more. For fruit juice, individualsconsuming between 12 and 18 ounces (372 to 557 grams) were given credit for two servings of fruit, and those consuming 18 or more ounces (558 or more grams) were given credit for three servings. An individual eating a green salad on a single occasion was given credit for a single serving rather than for multiple servings corresponding to each ingredient. Thus individuals could be credited with a maximum of one salad per eating occasion, or a maximum of the four different occasions per day coded in the survey. Individual foods included in each food category are given Vegetables include potatoes, dried peas and beans (., blackeyed peas, kidney beans), green salad(primarily lettuce and raw tomatoes), as well as all other vegetables not falling into one of these categories. This last group is designated garden vegetables and includes, for example, green beans, corn, and broccoli. Fruit refers to whole fruit and fruit juice. In this article, fruit juices include citrus and other natural fruit juices, but exclude both fortified and nonfortified fruit drinks. A list is available from the authors on request. We report mean nutrient intake by number of servings(0, 1, 2, 3 or more) of fruit crossclassified by number ofservings of vegetables. Nutrient intake was calculated by the National Center for Health Statistics, using USDA nutrient data, updated 1980. Because consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with age, sex, and race,1 we controlled for these factors in each cell of the crossclassification tables using a method equivalent to direct standardization. This method for finding means and the corresponding variance estimates, adjusted for age, race, and sex, is given in the Appendix.
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