【正文】 述原因QC小組全體人員，逐一進行討論，制定了實施對策并落實了相應(yīng)的實施負(fù)責(zé)人，詳見表3。通過進一步分析，露筋是質(zhì)量差的主要因素，因此QC小組運用因果分析法，對人員、機具、材料、施工方法、環(huán)境四個方面，進行因果分析，見圖7。（7）總結(jié)本文QC小組的質(zhì)量管理活動中運用PDCA循環(huán)，以循循漸進、層層提高的工作方式，使本工程混凝土主體工程質(zhì)量得到了穩(wěn)步提高，%%。（4）步驟四：擬定措施、制定計劃；【方案建議】：5W1H,即：為什么制定該措施(Why)？達到什么目標(biāo)（What）？在何處執(zhí)行（Where）？由誰負(fù)責(zé)完成（Who）？什么時間完成（When）？如何完成（How）？措施和計劃是執(zhí)行力的基礎(chǔ)，盡可能使其具有可操作性，盡可能與工程自身和項目部實際情況相結(jié)合，充分利用每一份資源。 （8）步驟八：處理遺留題目。下一步的研究重點是如何量化分析PDCA循環(huán)理論在混凝土質(zhì)量管理中的應(yīng)用，從而進一步提高混凝土工程質(zhì)量，最后為今后PDCA循環(huán)理論在工程質(zhì)量管理中的應(yīng)用提出相應(yīng)的實施方案建議。外文翻譯譯文格式與字體和正文一樣項目的質(zhì)量管理（質(zhì)量管理）是不是一個單獨的，獨立的過程發(fā)生在一個活動的最終衡量產(chǎn)出的質(zhì)量水平。它是不是發(fā)現(xiàn)和修正錯誤的事實后，質(zhì)量管理是工程項目的所有方面的連續(xù)監(jiān)測和質(zhì)量過程中的應(yīng)用。這個特性可以通過計數(shù)錯誤和缺陷后的產(chǎn)品用于測量。按時交付項目的范圍和預(yù)算是不夠的，實現(xiàn)利益相關(guān)者滿意的項目必須與所有利益相關(guān)者建立一個良好的工作關(guān)系，了解他們的明確的或隱含的需要。這是符合項目的最終目標(biāo)，項目的結(jié)果必須滿足規(guī)定的或能力隱含需求。特點是怎樣的物質(zhì)條件，設(shè)備和服務(wù)，能夠滿足項目的要求，適合使用由受益人。?完整，那服務(wù)完整，包括所有服務(wù)的整個范圍內(nèi)的質(zhì)量。一旦項目已定義的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量特性，它將創(chuàng)建一個描述所有的質(zhì)量定義和項目相關(guān)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項目質(zhì)量計劃，這將突出顯示，必須遵循符合法規(guī)要求設(shè)置由捐贈人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，組織和外部機構(gòu)的這樣的一個地方政府和專業(yè)機構(gòu)（健康，營養(yǎng)，等）質(zhì)量計劃描述了服務(wù)和材料必須具備為了滿足項目利益相關(guān)者的期望的條件，它描述的情況或條件，使輸出低于質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，此信息是用于獲得共識的項目團隊來幫助他們確定上面是什么和什么下面是一個質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，一個良好的質(zhì)量管理過程會結(jié)束工作時間和花費。如果問題是質(zhì)量審核中發(fā)現(xiàn)，糾正措施將是必要的工具，流程和程序來確保質(zhì)量的重建。4?檢查：監(jiān)督和評估實施過程對預(yù)定目標(biāo)的測試結(jié)果?法：將必要的改進措施的結(jié)果是否需要改變。檢查的步驟可以包括受益人反饋或調(diào)查確定受益人的需求都被滿足或超過他們?yōu)槭裁词腔虿皇?。為避免問題的項目必須證明符合該項目的質(zhì)量要求。調(diào)整確定產(chǎn)生的輸出，是導(dǎo)致的錯誤和缺陷的決策過程。的假設(shè)是，大多數(shù)在任何情況下，結(jié)果是由一個小數(shù)量的原因決定的，有助于識別關(guān)鍵的幾個因素，占大多數(shù)的質(zhì)量問題。它需要很少的努力，通過小的增量改進項目的質(zhì)量可以達到顯著水平。 the project team must be able to understand how the beneficiaries define quality from their perspective, a perspective that is more focused on fitness for use, the project out es must be relevant to the current needs of the beneficiaries and must result in improvements to their lives. The team can create, as part of the baseline data collection, questions that seek to understand how the beneficiaries define the project will meet their needs, and a question that also helps define what project success looks like from the perspective of a beneficiary. The development organization may have its own quality standards that can reflect technical and managerial nature of the project. The organization may require from the project timely and accurate delivery of project information needed for decision making, or pliance to international or locally recognized quality standards that define specific technical areas of the project, this is quite often in health, water and nutrition projects. A worldwide recognized standard for project is the Sphere Standard (), used for emergency projects whose aim is to improve the quality of assistance provided to people affected by disasters. This guideline defines the minimum standards for water, sanitation, health, shelter, food security, nutrition, shelter and settlement.4 Quality Characteristics All material or services have characteristics that facilitate the identification of its quality. The characteristics are part of the conditions of how the material, equipment and services are able to meet the requirements of the project and are fit for use by the beneficiaries. Quality characteristics relate to the attributes, measures and methods attached to that particular product or service.? Functionality is the degree, by which equipment performs its intended function, this is important especially for clinical equipment, that the operation should be behave as expected. ? Performance, its how well a product or service performs the beneficiaries intended use. A water system should be designed to support extreme conditions and require little maintenance to reduce the cost to the munity and increase its sustainability. ? Reliability, it ’s the ability of the service or product to perform as intended under normal conditions without unacceptable failures. Material used for blood testing should be able to provide the information in a consistent and dependable manner that will help identify critical diseases. The trust of the beneficiaries depend on the quality of the tests ? Relevance, it ’s the characteristic of how a product or service meets the actual needs of the beneficiaries, it should be pertinent, applicable, and appropriate to its intended use or application? Timeliness, how the product or service is delivered in time to solve the problems when its needed and not after, this is a crucial characteristic for health and emergency relief work ? Suitability, defines the fitness of its use, it appropriateness and correctness, the agriculture equipment must be designed to operate on the soul conditions the beneficiaries will use it on. ? Completeness, the quality that the service is plete and includes all the entire scope of services. Training sessions should be plete and include all the material needed to build a desired skill or knowledge ? Consistency, services are delivered in the same way for every beneficiary. Clinical tests need to be done using the same procedure for every patient. Quality characteristics are not limited to the material, equipment or service delivered to the beneficiaries, but also applies to the material, equipment and services the project staff uses to deliv。9 外文原文Project quality management外文原文全部采用Times New Roman字體，題目也是pm4dev, 2008 management for development series 169。例如確定受益人的數(shù)據(jù)項目組確定了五個原因，每個原因它們包含錯誤的頻率誤差的數(shù)據(jù)收集，繪制如圖所示，酒吧代表每個類別和線的誤差圖，可以識別80%的錯誤可能是只有通過提高兩類而不是集中努力改正所有類別的數(shù)據(jù)集減少。石川圖采用問題解決團隊作為一種工具，組裝所有輸入（為他們解決這個問題的原因是什么）系統(tǒng)和圖形，與輸入通常來自一個頭腦風(fēng)暴會議。它是過程監(jiān)控具體的項目結(jié)果，確定其是否符合相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和識別不同的方法來消除對績效不理想的原因。目標(biāo)在一個可衡量的和負(fù)責(zé)任的利益相關(guān)方的期望是過程超過提供的質(zhì)量保證。我們的目標(biāo)是確保卓越的內(nèi)在過程的每一個組成部分。如果糾正措施是必要的，這些都必須通過變更控制程序。質(zhì)量保證是不僅對產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的交付的項目還對過程和程序來管理項目，包括項目使用的工具，技術(shù)和方法來管理范圍，進度，預(yù)算和質(zhì)量。該計劃還包括需要監(jiān)測和控制質(zhì)量和審批過程改變的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量計劃的步驟。臨床試驗必須使用相同的程序為每一個病人。程度，由設(shè)備執(zhí)行其預(yù)定的功能，為臨床設(shè)備尤為重要，這樣的操作應(yīng)按預(yù)期的行為。團隊可以創(chuàng)造，作為基線數(shù)據(jù)采集部分，問題，尋求理解的受益者定義項目將滿足他們的需求，和一個問題，也有助于定義項目的成功看起來像從受益人的角度。在某些情況下，組織或項目的專業(yè)化領(lǐng)域（健康，水或教育）可能有一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義的質(zhì)量，可以使用的項目。質(zhì)量管理是一種測量質(zhì)量，重復(fù)周期的更新過程，更新過程的測量，直到達到所需的質(zhì)量?！币?guī)定的和隱含的質(zhì)量需要用于定義項目要求從供者和受益者的輸入。質(zhì)量和檔次是不一樣的，等級是一種材料或服務(wù)等附加功能特性?；舨妓梗椖抗芾韀M].第三版．北京：中國國際廣播出版社，2002．[2] 周三多．管理學(xué)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．.[3] 施騫，胡文發(fā)．工程質(zhì)量管理教程[M]．上海：同濟大學(xué)出版社，2010．[4] 李金海．項目質(zhì)量管理[M]．天津：南開大學(xué)出版社，2006．[5] 那仁朝格圖．淺談工程項目質(zhì)量管理全過程[J]．赤峰學(xué)院學(xué)報（自然科學(xué)版），2007，23（4）：110112．.[6]