【正文】 J].IEEE Visualization 1995,9(12):12211227. 12 原文 對照： 3 d laser scanning technology application research in land reclamation 3D laser scanning technology is a new technology of Surveying and mapping, known as the real copy technology, is the field of Surveying and mapping, GPS development after yet another technological revolution, with the traditional measuring technology of 3D laser scanner, introduced the basic principle, technical characteristics, and the traditional measurement technology advantage, especially in the aspects of data collection, has the advantages of high efficiency, quick, accurate, reliable, has been widely applied in various fields of industry of Surveying and mapping. This paper discusses the 3D laser scanning technology in land reclamation areas of the advantages and disadvantages, and the Swiss Leica 3D laser scanner and the data processing software of Cyclone operations research. The settlement monitoring, earthwork in areas such as research shows, the 3D laser scanning technology in land reclamation area plays an indispensable role in the development of our country, it has profound significance for the land reclamation. Keywords: laser scanning land， reclamation， Subsidence monitoring， mappin Chapter 1 miotheory introduction In recent years, as measured in the field of service constantly broaden, and 3 d design and manufacture requirement for accuracy of measurement, the traditional coordinate measuring instrument, such as total station and cross section instrument can not satisfy the high precision 3 d coordinates acquisition and pared to the traditional measuring technology of reverse engineering, 3 d laser scanning technology has a great advantage, especially in the aspect of data collection, with efficient, fast, accurate, convenient wait for a characteristic, is widely applied in various fields of 3 d laser scanning technology. 13 research background and significance At present, our country economy from the rapid development into sustained and stable growth, our understanding of economic development has transformed the single pursuit of economic growth for the unification of the economic, environmental and social coordinated development. The state and society on the improvement of the ecological environmental quality is being more and more attention. Land development and consolidation has been increasingly important, 3 d laser scanning as another technology revolution in the field of surveying and mapping, 3 d modeling techniques play an important role in the field of land reclamation. Chapter 2, 3 d laser scanning technology and application 3 d laser scanning technology 3 d laser scanning technology is a new technology of surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping is once again after the GPS technology in the field of technological revolution. It is from the traditional measuring technology of surveying and mapping and integration through sophisticated sensor technology and a variety of modern hightech means integration, which is the generalization of the traditional surveying and mapping technology to the variety and integration. system position 3 d laser scanning system generally consists of scanner (puter) and the power supply system, controller of three parts. Laser scanner itself consists of laser ranging system and the laser scanning system, but also integrated CCD and instrument calibration and internal control system, etc. working principle 3 d laser scanning measurement of surveying and mapping technology content is high 14 precision measuring target39。 作為測繪科學(xué)的領(lǐng)先產(chǎn)品， 三 維激光掃描 具有鮮明的優(yōu)勢，廣泛的應(yīng)用 ， 從整體來看，三維激光掃描儀基本涵蓋測繪的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，具備大面積，高自動化，高速率，高精度 等 測量的特點(diǎn)。一般說來，前兩種方式的處理，其 相鄰 測站間往往 需要部分重疊，而最后一種方式的處理，則不一定需要測站間的 的部分 重疊。啟動 Cyclone 軟件， 然互 建立筆記本與掃描儀的通訊，掃描過程由 Cyclone軟件 來 控制，通過集成的數(shù)碼相機(jī)拍攝掃描對象的影像，在影像上選取掃描區(qū)域。而三維激光掃描所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)密度遠(yuǎn)高于此。 參點(diǎn)的密度對求參精度的影響 三維激光掃描獲取大量的下沉數(shù)據(jù) , 而求參時(shí) , 一般需選擇部分點(diǎn)即可 , 需要研究點(diǎn)的密度與求參精度之間的關(guān)系。而如果地表有植被 , 就要進(jìn)行 植被剔除 , 目前地面三維掃描的植被的剔除技術(shù)還不成熟 , 會造成精度的降低。不同的儀器有不同的作用 , 所以首先應(yīng)該選用合適的儀器。 由于三維激光掃描技術(shù)具有良好的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，已成為目前測繪領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新的熱點(diǎn)，雖然針對三維激光掃描系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用研究還處于初級階段，但已在工程建設(shè)中得到了很好的應(yīng)用 隨著研究的深入及與其他測量技術(shù)的結(jié)合，三維激光掃描技術(shù)的應(yīng)用將更加廣泛。激光掃描測量技術(shù)能快速獲取大面積的目標(biāo)空間信息，通過對目標(biāo)的直接掃描來描述目標(biāo)特征，使用龐大的點(diǎn)陣和濃密的格網(wǎng)來獲取目標(biāo)信息，采樣點(diǎn)之間的間距很小。 （ 2）實(shí)時(shí)性、動態(tài)性、主動性。 4 點(diǎn)云是由三維激光掃描的無數(shù)測量點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成的，而每個(gè)點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量都非常重要。它可以工作在非常廣域的照度下及各種復(fù)雜環(huán)境中進(jìn)行操作。如：幾何尺寸、長度、距離、體積、面積、重心、結(jié)構(gòu)形變，結(jié)構(gòu)位移及變化關(guān)系、復(fù)制、分析各種結(jié)構(gòu)特性等；而后者僅能測量定位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)并且測繪不同定位點(diǎn)間的簡單幾何尺寸，如：長度、距離、點(diǎn)位形變、點(diǎn)位移等。國家和社會對生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的改善也越來越重視。通過對其沉降監(jiān)測，土方量等領(lǐng) 域的研究表明，三維激光掃描技術(shù)在土地復(fù)墾領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用，它的發(fā)展對我國的土地復(fù)墾具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。激光掃描儀本身主要包括激光測距系統(tǒng)和激光掃描系統(tǒng) ,同時(shí)也集成 CCD和儀器內(nèi)部控制和校正系統(tǒng)等。 每掃描一個(gè)云點(diǎn)后， CCD將云點(diǎn)信息轉(zhuǎn)化成數(shù)字電信號并直接傳送給計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。 完整重建目標(biāo)，僅僅從一個(gè)觀測點(diǎn)掃描測繪目標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)是不夠的，還必須在不同觀測點(diǎn)進(jìn)行掃描測繪，并且在同一個(gè)空間坐標(biāo)系中合 并后才能生成， MENSI 技術(shù)提供了人工輔助的自動合并功能，只要在掃描目標(biāo)前規(guī)劃好掃描內(nèi)容并且設(shè)置好定標(biāo)球便可。 圖 23 圖 24 5 （ 1）高數(shù)據(jù)采樣率。 （ 4） 穿透性。 邊坡變形監(jiān)測：三維激光掃描技術(shù)可以獲取高密度 ， 高精度的三維云點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)，因此，對邊坡的變形監(jiān)測能反映坡體的總體變形趨勢和量級其操作過程是對邊坡定期進(jìn)行掃描，將前后兩次掃描點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)疊加在一起，然后由處理軟件分析前后兩次點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)的差別，從而得出邊坡的變形 趨勢和量 6 級。 因此 , 三維激光掃描用于研究下沉量較其他變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)手段 (如全站儀、精 密水準(zhǔn)儀、 GPS 和近景攝影等 ), 在數(shù)據(jù)采集的效率、模型的數(shù)據(jù)精度、監(jiān)測工作的難易程度、數(shù)據(jù)處理的速度和數(shù)據(jù)分析的準(zhǔn)確性等方面都具有較為明顯的優(yōu)勢。這一點(diǎn)特別發(fā)揮了激光掃描測量儀能快速高密度地掃描一個(gè)目標(biāo)表面的特性。但是掃描時(shí)間會很長 , 在礦區(qū)掃描地形 , 選用幾十毫米的間距即可 , 具體情況根據(jù)儀器性能和掃描范圍而定。采用三維激光掃描儀對開采引起的地表沉陷進(jìn)行觀測 , 可以得到整個(gè)區(qū)域的下沉值 , 通過設(shè)置部分固定測點(diǎn) , 獲得水平移動值 , 即可得到整個(gè)監(jiān)測區(qū)域的移動變形情況 ,這說明了技術(shù)上的可行性 [14]。要求每站之間至少有三個(gè)控制標(biāo)靶重合，通過控制點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)制符合，以確定兩個(gè)測站點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)符合所需的 7個(gè)自由度，使點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)最終能夠統(tǒng)一到一個(gè)儀器坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)下。前兩種屬于相對方式，它 們是以某一掃描站的坐標(biāo)系為基準(zhǔn)， 通過計(jì)算處理將 其它各站的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)都轉(zhuǎn)換到該站的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)下。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步加上 三維激光掃描技術(shù) 自身 的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢， 三維激光掃描 已成為目前測 繪領(lǐng)域的一 大新 熱點(diǎn) ， 雖然 我國 針對三維激光掃描技術(shù)在土地復(fù)墾領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用研究還處于初級階段，但在沉降監(jiān)測， 變形監(jiān)測，三維建模等方面得到了很好的應(yīng)用，并且大大的提到了測量效率和 精度。Eberhard Steinle Fusion of 3D building models derived from first and last pulse laserscanning data[J]. Design Studies ,2020,12(6):3439. [17]Radovan Gospavic,Milesa