【正文】 J].IEEE Visualization 1995,9(12):12211227. 12 原文 對照： 3 d laser scanning technology application research in land reclamation 3D laser scanning technology is a new technology of Surveying and mapping, known as the real copy technology, is the field of Surveying and mapping, GPS development after yet another technological revolution, with the traditional measuring technology of 3D laser scanner, introduced the basic principle, technical characteristics, and the traditional measurement technology advantage, especially in the aspects of data collection, has the advantages of high efficiency, quick, accurate, reliable, has been widely applied in various fields of industry of Surveying and mapping. This paper discusses the 3D laser scanning technology in land reclamation areas of the advantages and disadvantages, and the Swiss Leica 3D laser scanner and the data processing software of Cyclone operations research. The settlement monitoring, earthwork in areas such as research shows, the 3D laser scanning technology in land reclamation area plays an indispensable role in the development of our country, it has profound significance for the land reclamation. Keywords: laser scanning land， reclamation， Subsidence monitoring， mappin Chapter 1 miotheory introduction In recent years, as measured in the field of service constantly broaden, and 3 d design and manufacture requirement for accuracy of measurement, the traditional coordinate measuring instrument, such as total station and cross section instrument can not satisfy the high precision 3 d coordinates acquisition and pared to the traditional measuring technology of reverse engineering, 3 d laser scanning technology has a great advantage, especially in the aspect of data collection, with efficient, fast, accurate, convenient wait for a characteristic, is widely applied in various fields of 3 d laser scanning technology. 13 research background and significance At present, our country economy from the rapid development into sustained and stable growth, our understanding of economic development has transformed the single pursuit of economic growth for the unification of the economic, environmental and social coordinated development. The state and society on the improvement of the ecological environmental quality is being more and more attention. Land development and consolidation has been increasingly important, 3 d laser scanning as another technology revolution in the field of surveying and mapping, 3 d modeling techniques play an important role in the field of land reclamation. Chapter 2, 3 d laser scanning technology and application 3 d laser scanning technology 3 d laser scanning technology is a new technology of surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping is once again after the GPS technology in the field of technological revolution. It is from the traditional measuring technology of surveying and mapping and integration through sophisticated sensor technology and a variety of modern hightech means integration, which is the generalization of the traditional surveying and mapping technology to the variety and integration. system position 3 d laser scanning system generally consists of scanner (puter) and the power supply system, controller of three parts. Laser scanner itself consists of laser ranging system and the laser scanning system, but also integrated CCD and instrument calibration and internal control system, etc. working principle 3 d laser scanning measurement of surveying and mapping technology content is high 14 precision measuring target39。 作為測繪科學的領先產(chǎn)品， 三 維激光掃描 具有鮮明的優(yōu)勢，廣泛的應用 ， 從整體來看，三維激光掃描儀基本涵蓋測繪的各個領域，具備大面積，高自動化，高速率，高精度 等 測量的特點。一般說來，前兩種方式的處理，其 相鄰 測站間往往 需要部分重疊，而最后一種方式的處理，則不一定需要測站間的 的部分 重疊。啟動 Cyclone 軟件， 然互 建立筆記本與掃描儀的通訊，掃描過程由 Cyclone軟件 來 控制，通過集成的數(shù)碼相機拍攝掃描對象的影像，在影像上選取掃描區(qū)域。而三維激光掃描所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)密度遠高于此。 參點的密度對求參精度的影響 三維激光掃描獲取大量的下沉數(shù)據(jù) , 而求參時 , 一般需選擇部分點即可 , 需要研究點的密度與求參精度之間的關系。而如果地表有植被 , 就要進行 植被剔除 , 目前地面三維掃描的植被的剔除技術(shù)還不成熟 , 會造成精度的降低。不同的儀器有不同的作用 , 所以首先應該選用合適的儀器。 由于三維激光掃描技術(shù)具有良好的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，已成為目前測繪領域的一個新的熱點，雖然針對三維激光掃描系統(tǒng)的應用研究還處于初級階段，但已在工程建設中得到了很好的應用 隨著研究的深入及與其他測量技術(shù)的結(jié)合，三維激光掃描技術(shù)的應用將更加廣泛。激光掃描測量技術(shù)能快速獲取大面積的目標空間信息，通過對目標的直接掃描來描述目標特征，使用龐大的點陣和濃密的格網(wǎng)來獲取目標信息，采樣點之間的間距很小。 （ 2）實時性、動態(tài)性、主動性。 4 點云是由三維激光掃描的無數(shù)測量點數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成的，而每個點坐標數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量都非常重要。它可以工作在非常廣域的照度下及各種復雜環(huán)境中進行操作。如：幾何尺寸、長度、距離、體積、面積、重心、結(jié)構(gòu)形變，結(jié)構(gòu)位移及變化關系、復制、分析各種結(jié)構(gòu)特性等；而后者僅能測量定位點數(shù)據(jù)并且測繪不同定位點間的簡單幾何尺寸，如：長度、距離、點位形變、點位移等。國家和社會對生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的改善也越來越重視。通過對其沉降監(jiān)測，土方量等領 域的研究表明，三維激光掃描技術(shù)在土地復墾領域發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用，它的發(fā)展對我國的土地復墾具有深遠意義。激光掃描儀本身主要包括激光測距系統(tǒng)和激光掃描系統(tǒng) ,同時也集成 CCD和儀器內(nèi)部控制和校正系統(tǒng)等。 每掃描一個云點后， CCD將云點信息轉(zhuǎn)化成數(shù)字電信號并直接傳送給計算機系統(tǒng)進行計算。 完整重建目標，僅僅從一個觀測點掃描測繪目標數(shù)據(jù)是不夠的，還必須在不同觀測點進行掃描測繪，并且在同一個空間坐標系中合 并后才能生成， MENSI 技術(shù)提供了人工輔助的自動合并功能，只要在掃描目標前規(guī)劃好掃描內(nèi)容并且設置好定標球便可。 圖 23 圖 24 5 （ 1）高數(shù)據(jù)采樣率。 （ 4） 穿透性。 邊坡變形監(jiān)測：三維激光掃描技術(shù)可以獲取高密度 ， 高精度的三維云點數(shù)據(jù)，因此，對邊坡的變形監(jiān)測能反映坡體的總體變形趨勢和量級其操作過程是對邊坡定期進行掃描，將前后兩次掃描點云數(shù)據(jù)疊加在一起，然后由處理軟件分析前后兩次點云數(shù)據(jù)的差別，從而得出邊坡的變形 趨勢和量 6 級。 因此 , 三維激光掃描用于研究下沉量較其他變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)手段 (如全站儀、精 密水準儀、 GPS 和近景攝影等 ), 在數(shù)據(jù)采集的效率、模型的數(shù)據(jù)精度、監(jiān)測工作的難易程度、數(shù)據(jù)處理的速度和數(shù)據(jù)分析的準確性等方面都具有較為明顯的優(yōu)勢。這一點特別發(fā)揮了激光掃描測量儀能快速高密度地掃描一個目標表面的特性。但是掃描時間會很長 , 在礦區(qū)掃描地形 , 選用幾十毫米的間距即可 , 具體情況根據(jù)儀器性能和掃描范圍而定。采用三維激光掃描儀對開采引起的地表沉陷進行觀測 , 可以得到整個區(qū)域的下沉值 , 通過設置部分固定測點 , 獲得水平移動值 , 即可得到整個監(jiān)測區(qū)域的移動變形情況 ,這說明了技術(shù)上的可行性 [14]。要求每站之間至少有三個控制標靶重合，通過控制點的強制符合，以確定兩個測站點云數(shù)據(jù)符合所需的 7個自由度，使點云數(shù)據(jù)最終能夠統(tǒng)一到一個儀器坐標系統(tǒng)下。前兩種屬于相對方式，它 們是以某一掃描站的坐標系為基準， 通過計算處理將 其它各站的坐標系統(tǒng)都轉(zhuǎn)換到該站的坐標系統(tǒng)下。隨著科學技術(shù)的不斷進步加上 三維激光掃描技術(shù) 自身 的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢， 三維激光掃描 已成為目前測 繪領域的一 大新 熱點 ， 雖然 我國 針對三維激光掃描技術(shù)在土地復墾領域的應用研究還處于初級階段，但在沉降監(jiān)測， 變形監(jiān)測，三維建模等方面得到了很好的應用，并且大大的提到了測量效率和 精度。Eberhard Steinle Fusion of 3D building models derived from first and last pulse laserscanning data[J]. Design Studies ,2020,12(6):3439. [17]Radovan Gospavic,Milesa