【正文】
raditional coordinate measuring instrument, such as total station and cross section instrument can not satisfy the high precision 3 d coordinates acquisition and pared to the traditional measuring technology of reverse engineering, 3 d laser scanning technology has a great advantage, especially in the aspect of data collection, with efficient, fast, accurate, convenient wait for a characteristic, is widely applied in various fields of 3 d laser scanning technology. 13 research background and significance At present, our country economy from the rapid development into sustained and stable growth, our understanding of economic development has transformed the single pursuit of economic growth for the unification of the economic, environmental and social coordinated development. The state and society on the improvement of the ecological environmental quality is being more and more attention. Land development and consolidation has been increasingly important, 3 d laser scanning as another technology revolution in the field of surveying and mapping, 3 d modeling techniques play an important role in the field of land reclamation. Chapter 2, 3 d laser scanning technology and application 3 d laser scanning technology 3 d laser scanning technology is a new technology of surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping is once again after the GPS technology in the field of technological revolution. It is from the traditional measuring technology of surveying and mapping and integration through sophisticated sensor technology and a variety of modern hightech means integration, which is the generalization of the traditional surveying and mapping technology to the variety and integration. system position 3 d laser scanning system generally consists of scanner (puter) and the power supply system, controller of three parts. Laser scanner itself consists of laser ranging system and the laser scanning system, but also integrated CCD and instrument calibration and internal control system, etc. working principle 3 d laser scanning measurement of surveying and mapping technology content is high 14 precision measuring target39。激光, 2020, 11(3):5460. 11 [7] 余祖俊,楊婭楠,朱力強(qiáng).三維激光掃描測量系統(tǒng)標(biāo)定方法研 究 [J].電子測量與儀器學(xué)報, 2020, 12( 6): 3135. [8] 董良澤,王文,陸軍華,韋東波.三維激光掃描機(jī)的研究與開發(fā) [J].機(jī)床與液壓,2020, 11(9): 155156. [9]周國彪,韓明,張李超,胡勇.三維激光掃描控制系統(tǒng)研究 [J].華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版, 2020, 2( 2): 109110. [10] Airborne laser scanning : existing systems and firms and other resources , E. P. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,[J]. Baltsavias Issue, 1999,3(54):111116. [11]馬立廣 .地面三維激光掃描儀的分類與應(yīng)用 [J].地理空間信息, 2020, 3(3): 6062. [12]聶紹珉等 .大型鍛件尺寸 CCD 測量的數(shù)學(xué)模型研究 [J].塑性工程學(xué)報, 2020,6(21): 110113. [13] 朱 凌 .地面三維激光掃描標(biāo)靶研究 [J].激光雜志, 2020, 19(2): 3335. 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[16]Thomas Vogtle。 坐標(biāo)配準(zhǔn) 坐標(biāo)配準(zhǔn)的 有三種基本方法 : 全局 方式、 配對方式以及 絕對方式。 小結(jié) ( 1)根據(jù)三維激光掃描技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)分析其在礦區(qū)沉陷監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用的可行性。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)的單次量測精度為 10mm時 , 用最小二乘法生成的幾何模型的精度可能達(dá)到 1~2mm。 文物修復(fù):對受損的文物進(jìn)行修復(fù)時,要求無接觸測量,傳統(tǒng)測量無法勝任,但現(xiàn)在可充分利用激光掃描儀的非接觸測量特點(diǎn)以及高分辨率和高精度云點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù),獲取建筑物表面的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu),提供修復(fù)數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行精細(xì)測量,對文物進(jìn)行修復(fù)。激光掃描測量測量技術(shù)在測繪領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的迅速發(fā)展,為測繪行業(yè)帶來一場新的技術(shù)革命。 反光鏡 的作用在于將激光束進(jìn)行水平偏轉(zhuǎn),以便實現(xiàn)激光水平方向的掃描測繪功能 掃描儀主體本身的周向自旋轉(zhuǎn)功能可以實現(xiàn)縱向的掃描,每當(dāng)水平掃描一個周期后,掃描儀主題將步進(jìn)一次,以便進(jìn)行第二次水平掃描,如此同步下去,最終實現(xiàn)對所有空間的掃描過程。本文探討了三維激光掃描技術(shù)在土地復(fù)墾領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),并且就瑞士 Leica 三維激光掃描儀及其數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件 Cyclone 的操作流程進(jìn)行探討研究。 三維激光掃描測量原理:每一個掃描云點(diǎn)的測量都是基于三角測量原理進(jìn)行的,并且根據(jù)激光掃描的傳感驅(qū)動進(jìn)行三維方向的自動步進(jìn)測量。如圖24 所示, 處理技術(shù)在于它可以點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化處理,如:基于精度分布形態(tài)來過濾噪音點(diǎn)或劣質(zhì)點(diǎn),從而提高重建目標(biāo)的整體精度及質(zhì)量。 (6)激光掃描測量技術(shù)具有作業(yè)周期快, ( 2)地面實際情況和有無植被。 在求取下沉盆地的各項參數(shù)時 , 點(diǎn)的密度對參數(shù)的穩(wěn)定性有較大影響 , 點(diǎn)數(shù)過少參數(shù)不穩(wěn)定 , 點(diǎn)數(shù)過多 , 數(shù)據(jù)量大 , 會導(dǎo)致求參運(yùn)算慢。掃描儀根據(jù)軟件環(huán)境中設(shè)置的參數(shù) (行、列數(shù)和掃描的分辨率等 )自動進(jìn)行掃描。雖然針對三維激光掃描系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用研究還處于初級階段,但已在沉陷監(jiān)測,變形監(jiān)測, 三維建模 等方面 取得了優(yōu)異的成果 ,隨著研究的深入及與其他測量技術(shù)的結(jié)合,三維激光掃描技術(shù)的應(yīng)用將更加廣泛。 Traditional 3 d measurement technology content is high precision measurement of target one or more discrete anchor point of the three coordinate data and 3 d point at which a character. The former can rebuild the target model and analysis of structural characteristics, and to conduct a prehensive postprocessing of surveying and mapping surveying and mapping target plex geometry structure and content. Such as geometry size, volume, length, distance, area, center of gravity, structure deformation and displacement of structure and the change relationship, reproduction, analysis of various structural features, etc.。 建模 利用 Cyclone 軟件 特有 的豐富的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)處理功能,通過選取、截取、圍欄選定的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù) 來匹配生成面 以及 復(fù)雜形體表面的不規(guī)則三角網(wǎng) (TIN),建成三維模型。 快速三維建模 三維激光掃描系統(tǒng)是一種非接觸式主動型測量系統(tǒng) [15],可進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的高密度的三維數(shù)據(jù)采集,精度高速度快密度大,且融合了反射強(qiáng)度和無題色彩等三維影像數(shù)據(jù),為了得道測量體的整體信息,通過影像配準(zhǔn)的方法,將各 個測站的數(shù)據(jù)拼接成一個整體,最后得道點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù),最后根據(jù)地形數(shù)據(jù),物體里面信息,紋理,利用利用 Cyclone軟件提供的豐富的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)處理功能,通過選取、截取、圍欄選定的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)匹配生成面和復(fù)雜形體表面的不規(guī)則三角網(wǎng) (TIN),建成三維模型。所以應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況選擇合適的掃描距離。將首次和末次觀測得到的 DEM 模型相減 , 即得到整個區(qū)域?qū)?yīng)任意坐標(biāo)的下沉值 , 然后將區(qū)域劃分成一定大小的格網(wǎng) , 輸出格網(wǎng)結(jié)點(diǎn)的大地坐標(biāo)和下沉值 , 記為 x, y, h, 即獲得整個區(qū)域的下沉數(shù)據(jù)。三維激光掃描系統(tǒng)是通過發(fā)射脈沖信號和接收被測物體反射回來的脈沖信號對目標(biāo)表面的形態(tài)信息進(jìn)行獲取和量測的。傳感器中的視頻微攝像機(jī)可以提供實時獲取觀測景象。 它是從傳統(tǒng)測繪計量技術(shù)并經(jīng)過精密的傳感工藝整合及多種現(xiàn)代高科技手段 集成而發(fā)展起來的,是對多 2 種傳統(tǒng)測繪技術(shù)的概括及一體化。 第 2 章 三維激光掃描技術(shù) 及應(yīng)用 三維激光掃描技術(shù) 三維激光掃描技術(shù)是一門新興的測繪技術(shù),是測繪領(lǐng)域 GPS 技術(shù)之后的又一次技術(shù)革命。 3 圖 21 操作員使用一個便攜計算機(jī)便可在現(xiàn)場遙控操作。 ( 3)非接觸性。 可行性 三維激光掃描儀獲取的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理、建立模型 , 最終得到高精度的 DEM 模型 , 這一過程應(yīng)用三維激光掃描儀配套的軟件就可以完成。掃描距離對掃描精度的影響很大 , 并不是在測程內(nèi)都能達(dá)到同等的精度 , 在距離較遠(yuǎn)處精度可能會出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的衰減 ,而如果測程太短 , 又會導(dǎo)致多測站 , 工作量大。 邊坡變形監(jiān)測 三維激光掃描技術(shù)可以獲取高密度 高精度的三維云點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù),因此,對邊坡的變形監(jiān)測能反映坡體的總體變形趨勢和量級其操作過程是對邊坡定期進(jìn)行掃描,將前后兩次掃描點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)疊加在一起,然后由處理軟件分析前后兩次點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)的差別,從而得出邊坡的變形趨勢和量級。經(jīng)坐標(biāo)配準(zhǔn)后的實際點(diǎn)云圖。 Traditional threedimensional 3 d laser scanning measurement of surveying and mapping technology content is high precision measurement of target in the whole threedimensional structure and the spatial threedimensional features, as well as all technical applications and services based on 3 d model。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 卞正富 .我國煤礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾與生態(tài)重建研究 [J].資源 控制標(biāo)靶中心的獲取 每測站完成掃描后,均需要對控制標(biāo)靶 做 精細(xì)