【正文】 ral mon qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (擬人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸張） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陳述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.8) Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there39。 （低調(diào)陳述） （擬人） 圣誕節(jié)那天，故事主人公小男孩經(jīng)歷了從痛苦的邊緣到幸福的頂峰的過程。)imposing意指因?yàn)橥饷?、形體而使人印象深刻，作者在此以諷刺挖苦的口吻來描述一個(gè)貪吃而肥胖的女人?！　　馭he gave me the impression ofshavingsmore teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.(她給我的印象是：她有一口潔白整齊的大牙，為數(shù)之多已超過任何實(shí)際需要。)“掙扎”是有生命的物體的動(dòng)作，作者給自然的花草賦予了生命，使它人格化。例如：　　●What will parents do without the electronic babysitter? (如果沒有這位電子保姆，父母該怎么辦呢？) 　　●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我們中的很多人太容易給別人批評(píng)的冷風(fēng)，而不愿意給自己的同伴贊揚(yáng)的陽光。)　　●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只斷了翅膀的小鳥。)文中作者用具體第一張牌來借代抽象的“第一個(gè)論據(jù)”，更加生動(dòng)形象，淺顯易懂，也使語言新鮮活潑，富有表現(xiàn)力。例如：　　●Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs—20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那兒望著橡樹驚呆了。故此處her lovely present是典型的irony，是句反話?！　　馤ady hermits who are down but not out(窮困而不潦倒的女隱士們)文中的down but not out源于down and out,原是拳擊比賽的術(shù)語，后來喻指窮困潦倒的人。 （雋語） （頭韻） to lose one39。即使是在Internet上，我們每日也能欣賞到五光十色、美不勝收的英語修辭。）英語的修辭可以分為消極修辭和積極修辭兩大類。它是用途很廣的大詞。使用在這里新義溢出。如：Clearly, when it es to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect. 可以譯成：顯然，在婚姻問題上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趨于完美。試譯：小約翰嘴形彎曲，且大得出奇，好像生下來的時(shí)候嘴中含了一把銀勺子似的。如：So, during any fiveweek shapeup, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 譯文A：因此，在此五周的減肥期內(nèi)，要更多地注重自己的腰圍，而不是自己的體重。5． alliteration（頭韻）英語辭格押頭韻的手法歷來被認(rèn)為是不可譯的，但是，面對(duì)alliteration，并不意味譯者就無所作為。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英語中的比喻分成四類，令人耳目一新:I have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一類：有學(xué)生在作文中寫出如下句子：In the middle of the piic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 該句子被改為：While we were busy eating a piic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中，寫道：rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard。) 第三類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該是：至少目前商未被收入詞典，同時(shí)又讓人接受，并感到新意撲面。對(duì)比喻的翻譯可以分為兩類：一是保留原文的形象，即: to find an equivalent image. 如：Ani began pounding and yelling to be let out as the car screeched from the parking lot. But rock music blaring from the radio speakers drowned him out. 試譯：當(dāng)汽車從停車場(chǎng)急速駛過時(shí)，Ani開始猛烈敲打和大聲呼喊，但是從車內(nèi)喇叭發(fā)出的搖滾音樂淹沒了他發(fā)出的聲音。又如：Rudy knew they had severed the wrong rope and that it was the thick tow line that trapped him. “Try cutting the other rope!” said Rudy, his hopes, and his grip, eroding. 試譯：Rudy發(fā)現(xiàn)他們割錯(cuò)了繩子，是那根粗的牽引繩纏住了他。它能使語言生動(dòng)形象、具體活潑，給人以美的享受。前者與漢語的雙聲（漢語中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié)，聲母相同，叫做雙聲，它不是辭格）相似，后者與漢語的疊韻（兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié)彼此韻母相同）非常相似。例如：　　They are like streetcars running contentedly on their ， 滿足于在自己的軌道上運(yùn)行。當(dāng)然，比喻形象往往打上各個(gè)民族獨(dú)特文化的烙印，某些英語喻體形象會(huì)讓中國讀者不知所云，如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham（ 象戈丹人一樣明智） 就讓人費(fèi)解。除了腳踵處，他身上其他地方刀槍不入。（metonymy──用奶瓶代奶）　?。?）Some mute inglorious Milton here may 、無名詩人也許在此長眠。例如：　　Words pay no debts. 空話還不了債。例如：　　She talked about great people as if she had the feesimple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一開口就是某某勛爵某某大人，那口氣竟好象她生來就是貴族。后者是利用一詞多義的特點(diǎn)來構(gòu)成。它用詞簡練，饒有風(fēng)趣，與漢語的拈連在性質(zhì)上完全一致。不過這話用在小小的逗號(hào)上，何嘗不是如此？（rhetorical question）　?。?）Man proposes, God disposes. 謀事在人， 成事在天。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和 assonance.Onomatopoeia是模仿事物發(fā)出的聲響的修辭手法，與漢語的擬聲辭格完全相同。它們主要包括 simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。（借喻）（3） Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks ， 不管什么女人釣他， 他就會(huì)上鉤。引用的東西包括典故、諺語、成語、格言和俗語等。 transferred epithet Metonymy、synecdoche和_1antonomasia都是不直接說出事物的本來名稱，而換用另一個(gè)名稱或另一個(gè)說法。s face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用疑惑修飾限定欽佩）醫(yī)生的臉上流露出欽佩而又帶有疑惑的神情。 euphemism；punIrony的含義比漢語的反語廣泛。例如：用sanitation engineer替代garbage man（清潔工）用the disadvantaged替代the poor（窮人）用industrial action替代strike（罷工）Pun與漢語雙關(guān)一樣，就是用一個(gè)詞，一句話，或一個(gè)語言片段同時(shí)表達(dá)雙重意思：一個(gè)是表面的，一是隱含的，并且以隱含的意思為主。 zeugma 。英語pun 和漢語的雙關(guān)語都可以分為兩類：諧音雙關(guān)（homophonic puns）和語義雙關(guān)（homographic puns）。Verbal irony與漢語反語的特點(diǎn)完全相同，也是正話反說，反話正說，一般需借助于特定的上下文和語境才能被正確理解。 hyperbolepersonification與漢語擬人完全相同，就是賦予物以人的言語屬性。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王權(quán)、王國政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、寶貝等。例如：（1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 語法是他的大弱點(diǎn)。人們生活在自然界，有許多共同的經(jīng)歷和感受。其本體和喻體均同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中，在形式上是相對(duì)應(yīng)的。如：Presently there came the click of highheeled 。（anastrophe）修辭格（figures of speech）是提高語言表達(dá)效果的語言藝術(shù)?！　ontrast和漢語的對(duì)照在修辭格上是完全相同的，就是把兩個(gè)相反的事物或一件事物的正反兩方面放在一起，在比較和襯托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性，例如：　　United we stand, divided we fall. 合則存，分則亡。例如：　　What does that lawyer do after he dies?——Lie still. 那個(gè)律師死后干什么？──躺著仍說鬼話。　　Euphemism就是用轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的說法來代替直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑?，把原來顯得粗魯或令人尷尬的語言溫和、含蓄地表達(dá)出來。例如：　　His words made my blood freeze. 聽了他的話， 我的血都快凝固了。這種修辭手法能與漢語中的移就基本相似。（Albatross是英國詩人柯勒律治的《古舟子詠》中的信天翁，它被忘恩負(fù)義的水手殺死后，全船陷入災(zāi)難中。（不是船在犁海）　　Allusion與漢語的暗引相近似。如：　?。?）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)為智