【正文】 種常用手段。問(1)該地7歲男童身高的95%參考值范圍？(2)，怎樣評(píng)價(jià)？⒈解：⑴求該地7歲男童身高的95%參考值范圍就是求95%的7歲男童身高范圍。構(gòu)成比的含義：事物內(nèi)部某一部分的個(gè)體數(shù)與該事物各部分個(gè)體數(shù)的總和之比，用來說明各構(gòu)成部分在總體中所占的比重或分布，通常以100為比例基數(shù)，又稱為百分比。樣本應(yīng)具有代表性，應(yīng)當(dāng)用隨機(jī)抽樣方法，按照隨機(jī)化的原則，使總體中每一個(gè)觀察單位都有同等的機(jī)會(huì)被選入到樣本中。統(tǒng)計(jì)中的許多結(jié)論都是帶有概率性的。 A．μ B．σ C．π D．X3．欲了解某市某年所有三級(jí)甲醫(yī)院的病床數(shù)，該市每個(gè)三級(jí)甲醫(yī)院就是一個(gè)( B )。5．動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)列：動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)列是一系列按時(shí)間順序排列起來的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)，包括絕對(duì)數(shù)、相對(duì)數(shù)或平均數(shù)，用以說明事物在時(shí)間上的變化和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)?！飳?shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)★實(shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)作業(yè)1一、名詞解釋（每題4分，共20分）1．變異：同一性質(zhì)的事物，其個(gè)體觀察值（變量值）之間的差異，在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上稱為變異。二、填空題（每空1分，共20分）1．計(jì)量資料是指用度量衡的方法測(cè)定每個(gè)觀察單位的某項(xiàng)研究指標(biāo)量的大小獲得的連續(xù)型資料，常用的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)有平均數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差，常用的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法有t檢驗(yàn)、u檢驗(yàn)、方差分析、（直線相關(guān)與回歸）。 A．有限總體 B．觀察單位 C．無限總體 D．觀察值4．醫(yī)學(xué)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)應(yīng)屬于衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的哪部分內(nèi)容( C )? A．衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理 B．衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)基本方法 C．健康統(tǒng)計(jì) D．衛(wèi)生服務(wù)統(tǒng)計(jì)5．用均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差可全面描述下面哪種資料的分布特征( D )? A．正偏態(tài)資料 B．負(fù)偏態(tài)資料 C．未知分布資料 D．正態(tài)分布資料6．某組資料共5例，∑X2=190，∑X=30，則均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差分別是( D )。一般常將P≤≤，表示某事件發(fā)生的可能性很小。隨機(jī)抽樣是樣本具有代表性的保證。其特點(diǎn)為：(1)各部分構(gòu)成比之和為100%或1；(2)某一部分所占的比重增大，其它部分的比重會(huì)相應(yīng)減少。因?yàn)樯砀哌^高過低均為異常，故求雙側(cè)界值。2．抽樣誤差：抽樣研究中，在同一總體中隨機(jī)抽取樣本含量相同的若干樣本時(shí)，樣本指標(biāo)之間的差異以及樣本指標(biāo)與總體指標(biāo)的差異，稱為抽樣誤差。3．統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷包括兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，即參數(shù)估計(jì)和假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)。A．百分條圖 B．直條圖 C．直方圖 D．以上皆是4．要減小抽樣誤差，最切實(shí)可行的方法是( A )。9．比較兩種藥物療效時(shí)，對(duì)于下列哪項(xiàng)可作單側(cè)檢驗(yàn)( C )。項(xiàng)目的排列要合理，充分運(yùn)用表格縱橫交叉的形式，使之一目了然。當(dāng)樣本含量n確定時(shí)，α愈小, 則β愈大，反之，α愈大, 則β愈??；當(dāng)α一定時(shí), 樣本量增加, β減少。抽樣誤差是統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)研究和處理的重要內(nèi)容。完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的兩個(gè)小樣本(n≤50)均數(shù)比較時(shí)還要求兩總體方差相等。令：或，數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換后兩總體方差相等（計(jì)算略），可用兩樣本t檢驗(yàn)。此表保留三條線即可：表格的頂線和底線將表格與文章的其它部分隔開來，縱標(biāo)目下橫線（標(biāo)目線）將標(biāo)目的文字區(qū)與表格的數(shù)字區(qū)分隔開來。4．直線相關(guān)系數(shù)：它是說明具有直線關(guān)系的兩個(gè)變量間，相關(guān)關(guān)系的密切程度與相關(guān)方向的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)。5．醫(yī)學(xué)研究中用于分析兩變量之間的關(guān)系常用的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法有直線相關(guān)和回歸。 A．各散點(diǎn)都將落在由直線回歸方程所確定的回歸直線上 B．各散點(diǎn)與該回歸直線的縱向距離平方和是最小的 C．要求各散點(diǎn)應(yīng)盡量靠近該回歸直線 D．以上都不對(duì)9．相關(guān)系數(shù)r0時(shí)，散點(diǎn)圖中散點(diǎn)的分布形態(tài)為( D )。總體相關(guān)系數(shù)用ρ表示，樣本相關(guān)系數(shù)用r表示，r是ρ的估計(jì)值。當(dāng)P≈α?xí)r，用四格表資料的確切概率法。若理論數(shù)太小可采取下列方法處理①增加樣本含量以增大理論頻數(shù)；②刪去上述理論數(shù)太小的行和列；③將太小理論數(shù)所在的行或列與性質(zhì)相近的鄰行或鄰列中的實(shí)際數(shù)合并，使重新計(jì)算的理論數(shù)增大。生產(chǎn)一段時(shí)間后，檢查兩組工人的皮炎患病率，資料見下表，問兩組工人皮炎患病率有無差別？（請(qǐng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件） 穿新舊防護(hù)衣工人皮炎患病情況防護(hù)衣種類人數(shù)患者數(shù)新182舊3211合計(jì)5013χ2參考值見下表自由度概率，Pυ=1χ2值解：本題為兩小樣本率的比較，n=5040且最小的理論頻數(shù)1T=（1813）247。本例T=151，在界值范圍之外，故P，按α＝，接受H1，可認(rèn)為兩組工人的血鉛含量不同。4．壽命表：是根據(jù)某一個(gè)群的年齡組死亡率編制出來的，說明人群生命過程及死亡過程的一種統(tǒng)計(jì)表。4．確定根本死因的目的是預(yù)防死亡。 A．該病發(fā)病率 B．該病患病率 C．該病死亡率 D．該病病死率3．非全面調(diào)查中，發(fā)展中國家大多數(shù)采用什么抽樣調(diào)查( C )。 A．時(shí)間順序 B．內(nèi)容順序 C．字母順序 D．類別順序四、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題6分，共30分）1．請(qǐng)對(duì)綜合評(píng)分法、優(yōu)序法、層次分析法進(jìn)行比較，它們各自的特點(diǎn)是什么？綜合評(píng)分法是在專家進(jìn)行指標(biāo)權(quán)重估計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)所有待評(píng)方案在每一個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)計(jì)算其得分，然后累加總分后進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)價(jià)的方法。根本死因可以是一個(gè)明確的疾病診斷，可以是一個(gè)無明確診斷的醫(yī)學(xué)情況（如：癥狀、體征、臨床表現(xiàn)），也可以是一個(gè)意外的損傷和中毒。⑶居民的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需要、需求、利用及其影響因素。解：⑴根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)目的選定四個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)：服務(wù)態(tài)度、商品品種、售后服務(wù)、后勤工作。計(jì)算器的初始化：計(jì)算模式與設(shè)置返回初始預(yù)設(shè)，同時(shí)清清計(jì)算器存儲(chǔ)器內(nèi)的所有數(shù)據(jù)。s ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning watercontrol project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72hour visafree policy and pelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the pany has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the threeday visa has an immediate and positive influence on the pany39。s public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2012. Around million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to boost cooperation. The idea has been widely echoed in Central Asian countries, being an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters will travel through the belt in China and in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi the start of the ancient Silk Road has positioned itself as the new starting point for the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, which will strengthen China39。B^Xab指數(shù)回歸7A由于本例資料為定性資料，故選擇專家評(píng)分法來確定各評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)不同等級(jí)的分值。5．壽命表的基