【正文】 ，亞特蘭大.de Dear, R., Ring, ., Fanger, . (1993b)，由環(huán)境溫度突變引起的熱感受。在三大洲炎熱氣候地區(qū)無空調(diào)建筑中進行的實地研究很好地驗證了預(yù)測平均評價拓展模型。適應(yīng)性模型肯定了期望的重要性，同時維持直接影響人體熱平衡的經(jīng)典熱參數(shù)的預(yù)測平均評價模型。得到的預(yù)測平均評價結(jié)果再乘以期望因子加以修正。他們通過降低代謝速率來適應(yīng)炎熱的環(huán)境。夏季短時間炎熱天氣。這可以表述成一個期望因素e。有人提出的解釋是，在自然通風(fēng)的建筑中可打開的窗戶比空調(diào)建筑中的更好控制。在溫度向上階梯式變化之后，預(yù)測平均評價模型快速、準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測了熱感受，但是溫度下降需要花費大約20分鐘。它甚至可能對空調(diào)有益，空調(diào)季節(jié)節(jié)能。這可以理解為鼻腔的局部熱不舒適感。這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該考慮到整體熱感覺的單獨控制而不會引起任何吹風(fēng)感或著其他局部不舒適的感覺。預(yù)測平均評價拓展模型與在三大洲的非空調(diào)建筑中的實地研究十分匹配。rn Toftum國際室內(nèi)環(huán)境中心和丹麥能源科技大學(xué)摘要本文預(yù)測了一些在新世紀中可以預(yù)見的熱舒適性以及室內(nèi)環(huán)境的發(fā)展趨勢。C and a relative humidity of 60% may give PMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 2022186。rd, L., et al. (1991), Besv228。第二種趨勢是承認空氣溫度和濕度的上升對感知到的空氣質(zhì)量和通風(fēng)要求有著很大的負面影響。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也考慮到了大多數(shù)居住者因為空氣流動而感受到吹風(fēng)感。最近的研究認為這是不正確的。但是，在這個大范圍的空氣溫濕度中，吸入的空氣會被看成是十分不同的。預(yù)測平均評價模型根據(jù)活動、衣服以及四個經(jīng)典熱環(huán)境參數(shù)來預(yù)測熱感受。該模型是一種關(guān)于室內(nèi)中性溫度與室外月平均溫度的回歸方程。那么在辦公室中遠離窗戶的地方工作的人會怎樣呢？我們認為在炎熱氣候?qū)γ總€空間進行溫度自動控制的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)比可打開的窗戶提供了一個更好的感覺控制。如果天氣全年或者大部分時間都很炎熱，而且沒有或者只有很少的空調(diào)建筑，如果有許多空調(diào)建筑。 低位于空調(diào)建筑罕見地區(qū)的無空調(diào)建筑。只有炎熱氣候地區(qū)夏季在無空調(diào)建筑中獲得的II級質(zhì)量的數(shù)據(jù)才能用來做分析。運用炎熱氣候條件下無空調(diào)建筑的新的延伸的預(yù)測平均評價模型，對觀察到的熱感受的平均值與預(yù)測的熱感受值。這與支持適應(yīng)性模型的觀察不謀而合。致謝丹麥科技研究委員會為此項研究提供了經(jīng)濟支持，在此致以誠摯的謝意。ASHRAE協(xié)會報，104（1b），1141~1152頁.de Dear, . and Auliciems, A. (1985)，在六個澳大利亞實地研究中確認熱舒適性的預(yù)測平均評價模型。ASHRAE會報，93（1），564~577頁.Toftum, J., J248。最終報告，美國采暖、制冷與空調(diào)工程師學(xué)會821 RP，美國采暖、制冷與空調(diào)工程師學(xué)會，亞特蘭大.Fanger, . (1970)，熱舒適。最終報告，美國采暖、制冷與空調(diào)工程師學(xué)會921RP，美國采暖、制冷與空調(diào)工程師學(xué)會，亞特蘭大.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G., Arens, E., Benton, C., (1993a)，炎熱潮濕地區(qū)居住者舒適性和辦公熱環(huán)境的實地研究。包括一個期望因數(shù)的預(yù)測平均評價拓展模型被提議在炎熱氣候條件下無空調(diào)建筑中使用。拓展部分結(jié)合了預(yù)測平均評價和適應(yīng)性模型的優(yōu)點。接下來，用降低的代謝速率和ASHRAE的熱舒適性工具重新計算預(yù)測平均評價值。這種機械式的方法忽略了一個事實：當(dāng)一個人感覺熱的時候，會無意識地趨向于放慢他們的活動。表1 炎熱氣候下無空調(diào)建筑的期望值期望值建筑分類期望因素e高位于空調(diào)建筑常見地區(qū)的無空調(diào)建筑。他們也許認為居住在比正常環(huán)境更熱的地方是他們的命運。那么，為什么說預(yù)測平均評價模型對炎熱地區(qū)無空調(diào)建筑中的熱感受評價過高呢？人們一般認為生理的環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力并不重要。預(yù)測平均評價用于研究開發(fā)穩(wěn)態(tài)條件，但它已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在室內(nèi)相對緩慢波動的典型環(huán)境參數(shù)的近似值中。適中的空氣溫度和濕度減少了病態(tài)建筑綜合癥和通風(fēng)需求，因此在供暖季節(jié)中節(jié)約了能源。由于缺少鼻黏膜的冷卻，炎熱、潮濕的空氣被認為是不新鮮和悶熱的。在辦公室中，對每個工作場所的獨立熱控制將會得到普及。涵蓋了期望因素的預(yù)測平均評價拓展模型被提議在炎熱氣候條件下非空調(diào)建筑中運用。rgensen, ., Fanger, . (1998), Upper limits for air humidity for preventing warm respiratory disfort. Energy and Buildings, 28(3), pp 1523.中文：未來的熱舒適性——優(yōu)越性和期望值Fanger和J248。rn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy Technical University of DenmarkAbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and thermal fort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an “acceptable” condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air temperature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal fort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In nonairconditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in nonairconditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in nonairconditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, AdaptationA Search for ExcellencePresent thermal fort standards (CEN ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between people’s thermal sensation and their disfort caused by local effects, . by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a promise that allows for a significant number of people feeling too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel fortable. The obvious way to achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be mon. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or other local search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally fortable without promise.Thermal Comfort and IAQPresent standards treat thermal fort and indoor air quality separately, i