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直接引語和間接引語 引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為 “引語 ”。 ② 以下幾種情況謂語用單數(shù): and 連接兩種不同物質(zhì)做主語,該物質(zhì)被看作混合體; and 連接兩個單數(shù)名詞,若指同一人、物、概念; and 連接的兩個部件組成的一副用具做主語。 The girl who is singing es from Japan.(先行詞 the girl 分別決定從句和主句謂語) 正在唱歌的女孩來自日本。 ( a) part of;分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù)) of 做主語,由 of 后名詞單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語單復(fù)數(shù)。 Not only he but also I am bright. 不僅他聰明我也聰明。 Each…and each… ; every…and every… ; no+單數(shù)名詞; more than one(不止一個),但 each作復(fù)數(shù)主語的同位語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 感官動詞 :see watch notice look at observe feel hear listen to 使役動詞 : make let have 一感二聽三讓四觀看 一感: feel 二聽: hear, listen to 三讓: let, have, make 四觀看: observe, see, watch, look at 從句作賓補(bǔ) We will make our hometown what your hometown is now. 我們將會把我們的家鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)成你們家鄉(xiāng)現(xiàn)在的樣子。 介詞短語作賓補(bǔ) To her surprise, she found herself in a different world. 令她吃驚的是,她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在一個不同的世界里。 The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定語從句, news 是 told 的邏輯賓語 , that 可省略) 你昨天告訴我們的消息是真的。 四、同位語從句:同位語從句跟在一個名詞后(如 fact, idea, news, hope, belief, thought, dou bt, proof, belief 等) ,對其作進(jìn)一步解釋。 當(dāng) if 和 whether 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的區(qū)別,即用 whether 不用 if 的情況: a. 作介詞賓語 It depends on whether it is fine. 這取決于天氣是否好。 I thought it strange that he didn’t pass the exam. 我認(rèn)為他沒通過考試很不可思議。 As if 引導(dǎo)的表語從句有時可用虛擬語氣,表示可能性小。 Whatever she did was right.( whatever 在名詞性從句中相當(dāng)于 anything that) 不管她做什么都是對的。主語從句可以直接放在句首;也可用 it 作形式主語,而將從句放在句末。 whether。 what。 It is time to say goodbye. 再見的時間到了。如: They hurried me so that I fot to bring my key. 他們催我致使我忘了帶鑰匙。 9. upon 當(dāng) …… 的時候 , 在 …… 后立即。 (表示動作已結(jié)束,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果 ) 3) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在以前的這段時間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。 I have been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。 He is used to eating out all the time. 他已經(jīng)習(xí)慣在外面吃飯了。 Women used to think they were on the shelf at 30. 過去女人一到 30 歲就認(rèn)為是過了結(jié)婚年齡。 You can either stay or leave. 你可以要么留在這兒要么離開。 ⑥ not only…but also 連接兩個并列成分時,可以省略 but 或 also ,也可以把 but also 都省略掉。 Not only did he speak English correctly, but also he speaks it fluently. 他英語不僅說得準(zhǔn)確還說得很流利。( he 就是 Tom) 4. not only...but also...不僅 …… 而且 …… not only...but also...的用法應(yīng)注意以下六點(diǎn): ① not only…but also 應(yīng)連接兩個相對稱的并列成分。 3. so 倒裝句 ① so+連系動詞(情態(tài)動詞或助動詞) +另一主語 這一句型是主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示另一主語與前面所陳述的某人的動作或情況有著相同的肯定概念,其中 so 代表了上文句中所陳述的動作或狀態(tài),表示 “也是這樣 ”, “也是如此 ”,如: I was at Center School last year. And so was my friend Bob. 我去年是在中心學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。若從句中的主語與主句主語相同 ,且謂語中含有 be 時 ,可以省略從句的主語和be。 2. It is certain that… 一定 , 肯定 It is certain that we shall succeed. 我們一定會成功。( You 和 I 是一個人。 She not only sings well but also dances beautifully. = She doesn’t only sing well but also dances beautifully. 她不僅歌唱得好,舞跳得也優(yōu)美。如: Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan. 不僅是老 師反對這個計(jì)劃,學(xué)生也反對。 either…or“ 或者 …… 或者 ” , “要么 …… 要么 ”,連接主語時,謂語的數(shù)由離它最近的主語決定,它也要修飾對等成分。 I have neither called nor written to him. 我既沒打電話給他也沒寫信給他。 Are you used to the food here? 你習(xí)慣吃這兒的飯菜嗎? I’m used to reading in the coffee house. 我習(xí)慣了在咖啡館里看書。 How long has it been raining? 雨下了多久了 ? They have been fighting for independence since 1960s. 他們從 60 年代以來一直為獨(dú)立而斗爭。 現(xiàn)在完成時表示已經(jīng)結(jié)束的動作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。 He works hard in order to succeed. 他為了成功努力工作。 10. so that so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,表示 “為的是 ……” , “以便 ……” He spoke at the top of his voice, so that everybody could hear him. 他大聲說話,以便讓每個人聽見他。常譯為 “是(正是) ……的時侯 ……” 。 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞有: who。how。 名詞性從句注意事項(xiàng): ① 從句的語序?yàn)殛愂鼍洌? ② 連詞 that 不充當(dāng)任何成分; what 總是要充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。 Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他為什么那樣做不是太清楚。 This is why we put off the meeting. ( why 表結(jié)果) 這就是為什么我們推遲會議的原因了。 在動詞 suggest, order, demand, require 等表示建議、命令、要求的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣 (賓語從句的謂語用 should+動詞原形, should 可省略。 Your article is good except that it is too long. 你的文章很好就是太長了。 I doubt if (whether) you will e for a visit tomorrow. 我懷疑你明天是否來參觀。 ③ 從內(nèi)涵上講,前者所說明的名詞與從句沒有邏輯關(guān)系, that 不可省略。 二、常見的賓補(bǔ) : 名詞作賓補(bǔ) She found him a very clever boy. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個聰明的男孩。 I made him change his mind. 我使他改變了他的主意。如: physics, politics, history; the United States 等。 Reading in bed is bad for your eyes. 躺在床上看書對你的眼睛有害。 三、分類討論 有關(guān) population; population of 做主語, 謂語用單數(shù);分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù)) of population 做主語,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 Who are singing? Some students of Class 2. 誰在唱歌?一些二班的學(xué)生。 His family is small. 他家很小。 These pairs of trousers are Lily’s. 這幾條褲子是麗莉的。如: Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon. Student A: What did the teacher say, Monitor? Monitor。如: ① He said, “Be seated, please. ” He asked us to be seated. ② “Do be careful with your handwriting. ”He said. He told me to be careful with my handwriting. ③ “Never e here again!” said the officer nearby. The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again. ④ “Don’t touch anything in the lab without permission, ”the teacher said. The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission. 有些含有 “建議 ”、 “勸告 ”的祈使句,可用 suggest, insist, offer 等動詞轉(zhuǎn)述,如: ① He said, “Let’s have a rest. ” He suggested our having a rest. ② He said, “Let me help you. ” He offered to help me. 當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句,有表示請求,建議意義時,可用 ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。 個別情態(tài)動詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式 , 過去式用來表達(dá)更加客氣 , 委婉的語氣 , 時態(tài)性不強(qiáng) , 可用于過去,現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼? may (might) 可以 , 表示說話人同意 ,許可或請求對方許可。 You mustn’t work all the time. 你不能老是工作。 we must have been late again. 已經(jīng)六點(diǎn)鐘了,我們一定又遲到了。 Do you need a dictionary? 你需要詞典嗎 ? She needs a necklace. 她需要一條項(xiàng)鏈。 You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽車 ,你應(yīng)該讀這些書。 will (would)決心 ,愿望。 This should be no problem. 這應(yīng)該沒問題。 I’ll do my best to catch up with them. 我要盡全力趕上他們。