【正文】 主語或引導(dǎo)的從句做主語，謂語據(jù)其意義決定。 Sixty years is a long time. 六十年是段漫長的時(shí)間。 (a)pair(suit)of 后接名詞時(shí)，由 pair， suit 的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語單復(fù)數(shù)。如： She said to her son, “I’ll check your homework tonight. ” She said to her son that she would check his homework that night. 人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對(duì)待，要符合邏輯。如： ① He asked， “What’s your name?” He asked (me) what my name was. ② He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語，用帶 to 的不定式表達(dá)，謂語動(dòng)詞常是 ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request 等。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 He could help us at all. 他完全可以幫助我們。 must 用來指一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來 時(shí) , 過去式可用 have to 的過去式代替。 He must have received my letter now. 他現(xiàn)在一定收到我的信了。 need 是一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 , 他的用法完全和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣 , 但 need 還可當(dāng)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用 , 這時(shí) need 就像其他動(dòng)詞一樣 ,有第三人稱 ,單復(fù)數(shù) , 后面加帶 to 的動(dòng)詞等特性。 Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路嗎？ He doesn’t dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告訴老師那天發(fā)生的事。表示一件不該做的事情卻做了。 It’s hot. Will you open the windows? 天氣太熱了 ,你能打開窗戶嗎 ? Will you help me to work it out? 你能幫我解這道題嗎 ? Would you like some coffee？ 給你來點(diǎn)咖啡怎樣？ Shall, should 表示命令 ,警告 ,允諾 ,征求 ,勸告 ,建議驚奇。 He said he would help me. 他說他會(huì)幫助我。 You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就應(yīng)該來。 The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公眾面前說話。 (客觀條件必須現(xiàn)在走 ) need“需要 ”，多用在否定式或疑問句中。 must + have + 過去分詞 ,表示現(xiàn)在對(duì)過去事物的推測。 Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借點(diǎn)錢嗎 ? He might be alive. 他可能還活著。 四、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法 can (could) 表示說話人能 ,可以 ,同意 ,準(zhǔn)許 ,以及 客觀條件許可 , could 為 can 的過去式。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多 ,但用途廣泛 ,主要有下列 : can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) . 二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的位置 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在句中放在謂語動(dòng)詞之前， 謂語動(dòng)詞前若有助動(dòng)詞，則在助動(dòng)詞之前，疑問句中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則在主語之前。 The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, you will be better soon. ” The doctor said (that) I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 直接引語為一般疑問句，也稱是否疑問句，間接引語用連詞 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語動(dòng)詞 said 要改為 asked (me/him/us 等 ) ，語序是陳述句的語序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。直接引用別人的原話，用引號(hào)標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語，實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句，其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式。 The doctor and the teacher are swimming.（這位醫(yī)生和這位老師） 醫(yī)生和教師正在游泳。 These boys who are playing basketball know our teacher. 那些正在打籃球的男孩子們認(rèn)識(shí)我們老師。 Two thirds of these jobs have been done. 三分之二的工作已經(jīng)完成了。 Neither Tom nor you were late. 他沒遲到你也 沒遲到。 Each boy and each girl goes to school every day. 每個(gè)男孩子和每個(gè)女孩子天天都去上學(xué)。 注意 : it 做形式賓語 結(jié)構(gòu)：主 +謂語 + it +賓補(bǔ) +真正賓語 I found it pleasant to be with your family. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)和你們家人在一塊很開心。 現(xiàn)在分詞 I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window. 當(dāng)我經(jīng)過窗口的時(shí)候，我看到他正在做作業(yè)。 賓語補(bǔ)足語 一、作用：對(duì)賓語（的狀態(tài)，特征，動(dòng)作）進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。 I have no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在這兒。 b. Whether +to do I’m not sure whether to leave this afternoon. 我不確定下午是否離開。 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等 在前否定 動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，如果從句謂語是否定含義，則不用否定形式，而將主句謂語動(dòng)詞 think 等變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健? He acted as if he hadn’t eaten for a long time. 他表現(xiàn)就好像他沒有吃那么長時(shí)間似的。 It is possible that I may not be able to e.（ it 是形式主語，真正的主語是劃線部分） 我有可能來不了。 常見的用 it 作形式主語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： ① It is +名詞＋ that 從句； ② It is+形容詞＋ that 從句； ③ It is +過去分詞＋ that 從句； ④ It +不及物動(dòng)詞＋ that 從句； What you need is more practice.(what 在從句中作 need 的賓語 ) 你所需要的就是多鍛煉 . What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.（ what 在從句中作主語） 一個(gè)人想一輩子只做好事從不做壞事是很難的。 whatever。 which。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 孩子睡覺的時(shí)間到了。 They missed the bus so that they were late for class. 他們錯(cuò)過了公共汽車以至于上課遲到了。可以和 On 替換使用。 All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. 這些年來，他們一直為我們雜志寫稿。 (仍在 ) I have written an article. 我已寫好一篇文章。 I weigh less than I used to. 我的體重比以前輕了。 I used to get up early and take an hour’s walk before breakfast. 我過去常常起床很早并且在早餐前散步一小時(shí)。 Either you are wrong or he is (wrong). 要么是你錯(cuò)了，要么就是他錯(cuò)了。如： I not only heard it but （ also ） saw it. 我不僅聽到了還看到了。 Not only is this young man clever but also he is hardworking. 這個(gè)年輕人不僅聰明還很用功。如： Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （連接兩個(gè)主語） 不僅是林先生，還有他的兒子都在兩年前加入了共產(chǎn)黨。我的朋友 Bob 也是。如 : Once you have taken the examination, you will be able to relax. 你一旦考完試就可以輕松一下。 Once (it is) found, any mistake must be corrected. 一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)任何錯(cuò)誤就必須加以改正。噢，是的。 They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory. （連接兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語） 他們不僅在教室里說英語在宿舍里也說。 ④ not only…but also 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要和與其最近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。 5. either...or.../neither...nor... neither…nor “ 既不 …… 也不 ” ，連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要與離謂語最近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致，同時(shí)它要修飾對(duì)等成分，它的反義詞是 both．．． and。） She is neither fat nor thin. 她既不胖也不瘦。 This kind of wood can be used to make shelves. 這種木材可以做書架。 I have been sitting here all afternoon. 我在這兒坐了一下午了。 (動(dòng)作在過去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過 ) 2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在不久前持續(xù)進(jìn)行，帶有感情色彩。如： I got up early in order to catch the first bus. 我早起為了趕上第一班公共汽車。 Upon/On seeing him, I ran away. (=As soon as I see him, I ran away.) 一看到他我就跑了。結(jié)構(gòu)通常哪個(gè)有三種： It’s time to do sth. 做某事的時(shí)間到了 It’s time for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事的時(shí)間到了 It is time (about time, high time) that ... 該句型中 that 后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣 ,值得注意的是 ①常用過去時(shí)態(tài)表示虛擬． ② 有時(shí)也用 should + 動(dòng)詞原形， should 不能省。 名詞性從句： 包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。 why 。 however 等。 How this happened is not clear. 這是怎么發(fā)生的還不清楚。 The city is no longer what it used to be. 這個(gè)城市不再是以前那個(gè)樣子了。 作動(dòng)詞的賓語： He doesn’t know w