社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)簡介(完整版)
【正文】 lize over time. ? 對於生理屬性特質(zhì)如何影響機會機資源分佈的研究，為對於某一特定社會在特定時點上的新聞式的描述報導(dǎo)。 ?在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的位置決定個體的 行為動機 (motivation)、行動機會 (opportunities)及限制 (constraints)。例如：大學(xué)中的男女關(guān)係 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) 對偶關(guān)係的相嵌性 ? A和 B在下面兩種狀況下會有相同的互動模式嗎 ? A B A B F G H C D E C D E F G H “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” ?(4) The world is posed of works, not groups ?將社會結(jié)構(gòu)描述成各樣團體的組成過度的簡化了複雜的社會結(jié)構(gòu)，真正的社會結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是由成員在多重社會圈中的重疊交錯關(guān)係所編織而成的社會系統(tǒng) (work members39。 ?關(guān)係有限性 Finite limits：一個人與人交往的時間精力有限。 Behaviors 如果關(guān)係是隨機的，則疾病傳播的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是 …? Source: Batti的投影片 Airborne contagion contact tracing 黑：感染源 粉紅：被感染 綠：未被感染 灰：感染地位不明 Copyright 169。 ?Formal description: provides a vocabulary and set of formal definitions for expressing theoretical concepts and properties. ?Model and theory evaluation and testing: test theories about relational processes or structures. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) 公司合併後的人際互動 綠：被合併公司經(jīng)理人 紅：合併公司經(jīng)理人 灰：新雇用經(jīng)理人 Copyright 169。 ?以內(nèi)化規(guī)範來解釋行為隱含社會整合為常態(tài)。 性別與薪資差異 ? 例如：婦女的報酬今昔比。 ?。 ? 大量的城鄉(xiāng)流動會不會使得新移民變成「都市問題」？ – Migrants were enmeshed in plex and supportive social works, cutting across tribal, residential, and workplace boundaries. – Bott?s research on conjugal roles “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” H. White: “The presently existing, largely categorical descriptions of social structure have no solid theoretical grounding。 Analyses focus on the relations between units, instead of trying to sort units into categories defined by the inner attributes (or essence of) these units. Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis 結(jié)構(gòu)分析的五個典範特質(zhì) ? (3) 關(guān)心多個互動單位所構(gòu)成的關(guān)係整體模式如何影響個別行動者的行為，而非行為者如何與多個獨立的雙人組進行互動。一般將這種固定的關(guān)係模式稱為「結(jié)構(gòu)」 (structure)。 ? (2)行動者之間的連結(jié)關(guān)係 (ties)為 資源 移轉(zhuǎn)及 流通的 管道 。網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析並不事先預(yù)設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)是由界線分明的群體所組成的。傳統(tǒng)的分析企圖將具有相似屬性個體分門別類，產(chǎn)生一些問題： 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) Three Basic Principles of Social Science Research Yu Xie University of Michigan First Principle ? Variability is the very essence of social science research. ? “Variability Principle.” Second Principle ? Social grouping reduces such variability. ? “Social Grouping Principle.” What is a Social Group? ? I do not take a stand between a nominalist view versus a realist view. ? Social grouping is meaningful only in terms of a social oute. ? Thus, social grouping may have different meanings when applied to different social outes. ? Social grouping reduces variability in a social oute. More reduction, more significance is a social grouping. ? There are always withingroup variation variability not explained by social grouping. ? There is a tradeoff between parsimony (of social grouping) and accuracy (reduced variability): a more detailed grouping scheme results in a larger reduction of variability. “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” 傳統(tǒng)架構(gòu)的問題 具有相同屬性（性別，種族） 內(nèi)化相同的規(guī)範 任何與平均人概念相去太遠者被視為是偏離者。 ? 例子：教育程度對升遷的影響為 contextspecific 性別與薪資差異 ? 社會機會及資源的分配機制： Testing, Sorting, Selecting, Distributing ? 為
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