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畢業(yè)論文-論工程項目風(fēng)險管理(完整版)

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【正文】 項目風(fēng)險具有一定的相對性。 ③ 風(fēng)險的突變性。 工程項目風(fēng)險管理定義 風(fēng)險管理涉及到各個行業(yè),每個行業(yè)都有其自身的特點,企業(yè)風(fēng)險管理是指生產(chǎn)過程中,風(fēng)險管理部門對可能遇到的各種風(fēng)險因素進(jìn)行識別、分析、評估,以最低成本實現(xiàn)最大的安全保障的過程。早期的工作是:確定目的和目標(biāo);明確具體區(qū)域的職責(zé);明確需要補(bǔ)充的技術(shù)專業(yè),規(guī)定評估過程和需要考慮的區(qū)域;規(guī)定選擇處理方案的程序;規(guī)定評級圖;確定報告和文檔需求,規(guī)定報告要求和監(jiān)控衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 風(fēng)險識別是風(fēng)險管理的第一步,即識別實施過程中可能遇到(面臨的、潛在的)的所有風(fēng)險源和風(fēng)險因素,對它們的特性進(jìn)行判斷、歸類,并鑒定風(fēng)險性質(zhì)。 風(fēng)險分析和評價是在對風(fēng)險進(jìn)行識別的基礎(chǔ)上,對識別出的風(fēng)險采用定性分析和定量分析相結(jié)合的方法,估計風(fēng)險發(fā)生的概率、風(fēng)險范圍、風(fēng)險嚴(yán)重程度(大?。?、變化幅度、分布情況、持續(xù) 時間和頻度,從而找到影響安全的主要風(fēng)險源和關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險因素,確定風(fēng)險區(qū)域、風(fēng)險排序和可接受的風(fēng)險基準(zhǔn)。通過對風(fēng)險識別、估計和評價,把風(fēng)險 5 發(fā)生的概率、損失嚴(yán)重程度以及其他因素綜合起來考慮,就可得出發(fā)生 各種風(fēng)險的可能性及其危害程度,再與公認(rèn)的安全指標(biāo)相比較,就可確定的危險等級,從而決定采取什么樣的措施以及控制措施應(yīng)采取到什么程度。同時,建立一套管理指標(biāo)體系,使之能以明確易懂的形式提供準(zhǔn)確、及時而關(guān)系密切的風(fēng)險信息,是進(jìn)行風(fēng)險監(jiān)控的關(guān)鍵 。為什么固定費用可以控制,而可變費用卻得不到控制 ?其問題就在于沒有嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行控制的目標(biāo),分項工程成本 和分類成本的控制沒有落實,從而 導(dǎo)致總成本超支。 在材料驗收、保管、出庫階段,一些項目部根本沒有收發(fā)制度,材料采購人員購買的材料無人驗收,更無賬目,因而就談不上保管和出庫;或者是雖有收發(fā)制度,但驗收不及時,不認(rèn)真,保管形同虛設(shè),賬物不相符,誰拿誰用,最后一筆賬列銷;特別是砂石料、磚瓦等地方材料,有的項目自始至終沒有專門的部門進(jìn)行管理,以購代耗;嚴(yán)重的甚至用虛假的材料發(fā)票報銷,而根本沒有購買材料。所有虧損的項目部,其財務(wù)管理不同程度存在著混亂現(xiàn)象。五是 會計 基礎(chǔ)工作較差。主要建筑材料如鋼材、 8 木材、水泥、砂石料等質(zhì)量不合要求,材料供應(yīng)不及時,自然要影響到工程進(jìn)展。企業(yè)的目的是利益最大化,誰也不會去做虧本買賣。但實際施工中遇到大面積的Ⅳ級 和Ⅴ級圍巖,造成了施工難度增大,嚴(yán)重影響了工程按期完工。 當(dāng)前建設(shè)工程檔案管理中存在的問題 ,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不夠重視 近年來,隨著建筑市場的不斷規(guī)范化,國務(wù)院、建設(shè)部分別頒發(fā)《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理條例》、《房屋建筑工程和市政基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施工程竣工驗收備案管理暫行辦法》,旨在增強(qiáng)建設(shè)單位和施工單位對工程竣工檔案管理的重要性 ,但是由于我圍建筑企業(yè)的水平參差不齊,部分單位的管理人員檔案管理意識比較淡薄,致使工程竣工時不能整理出完整的 9 竣工檔案,造成了工程竣工檔案不能及時的向城建檔案館報送,如一些建設(shè)單位注重工程進(jìn)度、重資金管理,忽視編制工程竣工檔案管理體系,在工程驗收完成時,工程竣工檔案都無法正常完成,造成建設(shè)工程檔案移交滯后。材料費是有材料單價和消耗的材料數(shù)量兩個因素決定的,其中材料單價的高低又直接決定了工程成本的高低,是成本控制的主要方面。除能夠及時結(jié)算或者處理的事項外,其他的與外單位或者個人的買賣、供用水用電、借貸款、承攬、建設(shè)工程、運輸、技術(shù)、保管、委托等事項,都必須簽訂正式的合同,不得以口頭形式約定。一個合理的分 包收益率,要從所分包的內(nèi)容、項目部的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、定額水平;難易程度等綜合因素考慮,制定出合理的分包收益率,以保障項目部的效益。工程施工處于不斷變化的環(huán)境中,沒有預(yù)料到的問題總會發(fā)生。 4. 制定工程總承包項目管理規(guī)范,編制工程總承包項目管理手冊,建立企業(yè) 自身的風(fēng)險管理體系。 不可抗力解決對策 在合同約定的不可抗力發(fā)生后,作為合同主體,除了應(yīng)積極采取措施將不可抗力影響和造成的損失降低到最低限度外,雙方還應(yīng)根據(jù)合同中明確規(guī)定的發(fā)生不可抗力后通知對方的期限和方式,發(fā)生不可抗力時,遭受不可抗力的一方應(yīng)及時通知另一方,使對方及時采取一些相應(yīng)措施,如查明不可抗力的事實真相,對履行合同 的影響程度等。 為了加強(qiáng)對工程建設(shè)各階段檔案資料的有序管理,保證歸檔資料及圖紙的準(zhǔn)確、齊全、規(guī)范,建設(shè)單位在項目建設(shè)初期(從工程立項開始)就應(yīng)按照國家檔案管理的有關(guān)規(guī)定,結(jié)合建筑實際情況,制定相應(yīng)的檔案管理制度、措施。一個施工隊不會編制工程內(nèi)業(yè)材料,就不具備承包工程的資格。 13 結(jié) 論 近幾年,我國工程項目風(fēng)險管理有了很大的進(jìn)步,但隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,工程建設(shè)也越來越多,市場風(fēng)險也越來越大,對工程項目建設(shè)進(jìn)行風(fēng)險控制和管理,使技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合,更有效地控制工程項目投資、工期和質(zhì)量。在 葛 老師的指導(dǎo)下,我在各方面都有所提高,老師以嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實,一絲不茍的治學(xué)態(tài)度和勤勉的工作態(tài)度深深感染了我,給我巨大的啟迪,鼓舞和鞭策,并成為我人生路上值得學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。s Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu39。s Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupe39。s Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has bined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25yearold khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a sixmember band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writes- all while playing the horsehead fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the ―Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight‖ session at China Guardian 2021 spring auctions, Pan Tianshou’s representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Keran’s masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to billion yuan from billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2021 Spring Auctions, which recorded million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 pared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of fery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the longlasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,‖ said the president of China Guardian’s Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2021 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.‖ Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled ―Fine Gilt—Bronze Buddhist Images‖ achieved a great deal with total sales volume of million yuan and 92 percent sale rate.
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