【正文】 ? 前后任審計人的溝通 ? 向其他人員詢問 Any munications between the predecessor and management or audit mittee regarding fraud, illegal acts or internal control matte . Why? 1. To identify client’s reasons for an audit Competency of the prior auditor Hunting for opinion Prior CPA left the client because of illegal acts. 2. Support beginning balances What if not sure about the beginning balance? Communicate with Predecessor Auditors Procedures of predecessor and successor auditor munication ? the successor is required to initiate the munication ? the client must give permission for the munication ? What if a client does not give permission? ? Are the predecessor required to respond? ? What if a predecessor auditor does not respond? Audit Committee ? Audit mittee is responsible for appointment, pensation and oversight of auditors ? Arrangements for the audit should be made through contact with the pany’s audit mittee ? Required by NYSE and NASDAQ ? Consists of at least 3 independent (outside) directors ? Audit mittee members should not receive any consulting, advisory or other pensatory fees from the pany ? Audit mittee members should be financially literate Are we independent? Are we technically petent? Is client reputable? client lacking integrity financially unstable client client unable to pay audit fees Why do they want us? What would be the major question in client acceptance? What potential client might the auditor turn down? training and overall experience industry and client experience supervision need for specialists Are we technically petent? Components of Engagement Letter ? Name of the client ? statements to be audited ? scope of the services including any limitations ? the auditor’s responsibility for detecting fraud ? obligation of the client’s staff in preparing schedules and statements ? fees or method of determining fee ? provisions for client’s acceptance signature and date ? The more specific, the better 審計風(fēng)險管理 ? 審計 風(fēng)險概述 ? 審計重要性 ? 審計風(fēng)險評估和控制 審計風(fēng)險概述 ?審計風(fēng)險的概念 ?審計風(fēng)險的要素 ?審計風(fēng)險的理論模型 ?審計風(fēng)險模型的界限 What is audit risk? Audit risk is the risk that an auditor may issue an unqualified opinion on materially misstated financial statements. 審計風(fēng)險的要素 ? 固有風(fēng)險 ? 控制風(fēng)險 環(huán)境風(fēng)險 ? 檢查風(fēng)險 Inherent Risk 財務(wù)報表項目受會計偏向、如錯誤或舞弊影響的可能性，指假定被審計企業(yè)不存在相關(guān)內(nèi)部控制政策或程序的情況下，某一賬戶或交易類別產(chǎn)生重大錯報的可能性。 ? 簽約風(fēng)險管理的目的是排除高風(fēng)險客戶，從源頭控制審計風(fēng)險。 ? 基本相等地影響所有企業(yè)的宏觀層次的風(fēng)險。 Business riskbased auditing ? 基本思路：重大財務(wù)報表錯報的根源在于被審計企業(yè)的經(jīng)營風(fēng)險 ? 基本概念：審計是一個證據(jù)形成、基于判斷的風(fēng)險評估過程 ? Ernst amp。 Young：“全球?qū)徲嫹椒ā保?Global Audit Methodology： GAM）審計模式 ? KPMG：“經(jīng)營評估過程”（ Business Measurement Process： BMP） 基本特征 ? 多方位的風(fēng)險概念 ? 多元化的信息源 ? 自上而下方式 ? 注重分析經(jīng)營風(fēng)險的影響 Four critical ponents of risk ① 企業(yè)風(fēng)險（ Enterprise risk） — 影響企業(yè)實現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的不確定性。 ? 只影響某個行業(yè)或某個企業(yè)的微觀層次的風(fēng)險。 綜合考慮 ? 所有的審計都不可能提供 100%的保證； ? 審計人是在激烈競爭的市場中競爭客戶； ? 審計人有義務(wù)滿足社會對財務(wù)報告以及審計的期望； ? 審計人應(yīng)該發(fā)展審計方法面對高風(fēng)險； ? 審計人可以保持高度的職業(yè)懷疑心去發(fā)現(xiàn)重要的錯報。 some accounts, ponents, cycles are inherently riskier than others Control Risk The risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected by internal controls 控制風(fēng)險的特點 ?控制風(fēng)險水平與被審計企業(yè)的內(nèi)部控制水平有關(guān)。 ? 反之，如果簽約風(fēng)險比較低，則審計人可以設(shè)置較高的審計風(fēng)險水平。 ? 如果審計人接受了具有較高簽約風(fēng)險的審計業(yè)務(wù)，審計人需要執(zhí)行相應(yīng)嚴(yán)格的審計，為此審計人需要把審計風(fēng)險水平設(shè)置在較低的水平上。 documentation ① 有關(guān)審計計劃的文件； ② 有關(guān)企業(yè)層次控制項目的文件； ③ 有關(guān)特殊項目審計的文件。 Risk Assessment at CAB Level 賬戶余額以及交易循環(huán)層次的風(fēng)險評估是為了識別賬戶交易層次存在的舞弊或者錯誤。 the greater the certainty the auditor wants to achieve 98% the greater the amount of audit evidence and costs the lower the audit risk 2% Materiality is the magnitude of omitted or misstated informati