【正文】 ces sold Goods amp。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法 u 利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)一步分析模型。 u 形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來驗(yàn)證理論。 u 評估個人和社會選擇的成本。Thinking Like an Economist 像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考 Chapter 2 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 檢查和理解一些事件和問題是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。 觀察 , 理論 ， 更多的觀察 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 利用兩種方法 : u 描述性的方法 (報告實(shí)情等 ) u 分析性的方法 (抽象推理 ) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Services bought Labor, land, and capital Inputs for production Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. The CircularFlow Diagram 經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖 Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 u Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入 u Land, labor, and capital 土地、勞動和資本 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 4,000 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)量 汽車產(chǎn)量 3,000 2,000 A 700 0 1,000 E 2,100 750 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 向外移動 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers. 當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時，他們是政策顧問。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. ? ? Positive or Normative Statements? 實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？ An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the leastskilled. 提高最低工資水平會導(dǎo)致最低技能工人的就業(yè)減少。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 . . . . . .在以下三個政府部門的政策制定過程中充當(dāng)顧問： u 立法 u 行政 u 司法 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局 ? 228。（ 93％） 3. 有伸縮性和浮動性的匯率提供了一種有效的國際貨幣協(xié)定。 （ 78％） Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究市場中的家庭和企業(yè)所作的決策。 u 當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做規(guī)范性表述時，與其說其是科學(xué)家，不如說其是政策顧問。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Grade Point Average 40 Study Time (hours per week) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Alfred E. (5, ) Albert E. (25, ) Figure 2A2 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 13 16 10 15 20 25 (13, $8) (16, $8) D 3 (ine = $20,000) D 1 (ine = $30,000) D 2 (ine = $40,000) (10, $8) When ine increases, the demand curve shifts to the right. When ine decreases, the demand curve shifts to the left. Figure 2A4 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Economists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in values u At other times, economists are united in the advice they offer, but policymakers may choose to ignore it. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來研究他們的學(xué)科 。（ 90％） 5. 如果要平衡聯(lián)邦預(yù)算，應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中而不是每年中來實(shí)現(xiàn)。聯(lián)邦 儲備委員會 ? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Department of Commerce ? 228。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. ? ? ? Positive or Normative Statements? 實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？ Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase. 較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會導(dǎo)致利率上升。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Positive versus Normative Analysis u Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is. u Called descriptive analysis u Normativ